Emergence of a novel cluster of influenza A(H5N1) virus clade 2.2.1.2 with putative human health impact in Egypt, 2014/15

Arafa, Abdel-Satar; Naguib, Mahmoud M.; Luttermann, Christine; Selim, Abdullah; Kilany, Walid H.; Hagag, Naglaa M.; Samy, Ahmed; Abdelhalim, Ahmed; Hassan, Mohd Fadzil; Mostafa, Ahmed; Makonnen, Yilma J.; Dauphin, Gwenae͏̈lle; Liu, Juan; Mettenleiter, Thomas C.; Beer, Martin; Grund, Christian; Harder, Timm

doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.13.21085

Cited by 59 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The two different subtypes carry distinct but homogeneous sets of internal genome segments. This situation should have fostered reassortment, but despite the intensive cocirculation of the two subtypes in poultry for at least 5 years, no reassortant viruses have been detected (19,26) in Egypt so far.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Reassortants of Potentially Zoonotic Avian Influenza Viruses H5N1 and H9N2 from Egypt Display Distinct Pathogenic Phenotypes in Experimentally Infected Chickens and Ferrets

Naguib

Ulrich

Kasbohm

et al. 2017

J Virol

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The cocirculation of zoonotic highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) of subtype H5N1 and avian influenza virus (AIV) of subtype H9N2 among poultry in Egypt for at least 6 years should render that country a hypothetical hot spot for the emergence of reassortant, phenotypically altered viruses, yet no reassortants have been detected in Egypt. The present investigations proved that reassortants of the Egyptian H5N1 clade 2.2.1.2 virus and H9N2 virus of the G1-B lineage can be generated by coamplification in embryonated chicken eggs. Reassortants were restricted to the H5N1 subtype and acquired between two and all six of the internal segments of the H9N2 virus. Five selected plaque-purified reassortant clones expressed a broad phenotypic spectrum both in vitro and in vivo. Two groups of reassortants were characterized to have retarded growth characteristics in vitro compared to the H5N1 parent virus. One clone provoked reduced mortality in inoculated chickens, although the characteristics of a highly pathogenic phenotype were retained. Enhanced zoonotic properties were not predicted for any of these clones, and this prediction was confirmed by ferret inoculation experiments: neither the H5N1 parent virus nor two selected clones induced severe clinical symptoms or were transmitted to sentinel ferrets by contact. While the emergence of reassortants of Egyptian HPAIV of subtype H5N1 with internal gene segments of cocirculating H9N2 viruses is possible in principle, the spread of such viruses is expected to be governed by their fitness to outcompete the parental viruses in the field. The eventual spread of attenuated phenotypes, however, would negatively impact syndrome surveillance on poultry farms and might foster enzootic virus circulation.IMPORTANCE Despite almost 6 years of the continuous cocirculation of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 and avian influenza virus H9N2 in poultry in Egypt, no reassortants of the two subtypes have been reported. Here, the principal compatibility of the two subtypes is shown by forcing the reassortment between copassaged H5N1 und H9N2 viruses in embryonated chicken eggs. The resulting reassortant viruses displayed a wide range of pathogenicity including attenuated phenotypes in chickens, but did not show enhanced zoonotic propensities in the ferret model.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Reassortants of Potentially Zoonotic Avian Influenza Viruses H5N1 and H9N2 from Egypt Display Distinct Pathogenic Phenotypes in Experimentally Infected Chickens and Ferrets

Naguib

Ulrich

Kasbohm

et al. 2017

J Virol

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“…The latter is the classical clade that has been reported during the first outbreak of AI H5N1 in Egypt in 2006, and continued to cause disease outbreaks throughout the country (for a comprehensive review, see Arafa et al 2012). Noteworthy are the other variants of this classical types, which have also been associated with AI outbreaks in Egypt, namely clade 2.2.1.1 which was first reported in 2007 (Arafa et al 2012), and clade 2.2.1.2 which was recently reported in 2015 (Arafa et al 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Etiology and pathology of epidemic outbreaks of avian influenza H5N1 infection in Egyptian chicken farms

Ali¹,

Elmowalid²,

Abdel-Glil³

et al. 2015

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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Epidemic outbreaks of avian influenza (AI) virus H5N1 have been frequently reported in Egypt during the last nine years. Here we investigate the involvement of AI H5N1 in outbreaks of acute respiratory disease that occurred in several commercial chicken farms in Egypt in 2011, and we describe to the pathology caused by the virus in the course of the outbreak.Twenty-one chicken farms with history of acute respiratory symptoms and high mortalities were screened for AI H5N1. Virus identification was based on hemagglutination inhibition test, and PCR detection and sequencing of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes. Virus distribution was determined by immunohistochemical staining of AI antigens in organs of infected birds. Standard H&E staining was performed for histological examination of affected organs.Eighty-one % of the examined birds, representing 100% of the screened farms, were positive for AI H5N1 virus. Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of the isolated virus reveals its affiliation to clade 2.2.1. Viral antigens were localized in the endothelial cells of the heart, liver, lungs and skin, where pathological lesions including congestion, hemorrhages, multifocal inflammation and necrosis were concurrently observed. According to the pattern of the viral antigen and lesion distribution in the visceral organs, we suggest cardiovascular and circulatory failures as the probable cause of death during these outbreaks. In conclusion, the present study further confirms the epidemic status of AI H5N1 virus in Egypt and reveals the highly pathogenic nature of the local isolates.

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“…), in close proximity with human habitations; and characterised by poor biosecurity measures; which has been proven to be an indispensable tool for the mitigation of the spread of infections. [15][16][17][18] A recent study conducted shows that epidemiological dynamics of HPAI has changed, with the origins of majority of the outbreaks pointing towards household/backyard poultry and associated with human cases of H5N1 infections, 19,20 this was further corroborated by OIE, 21 that HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in Nigeria between 2014-2016 has a significant number of the outbreaks in HHP.…”

Section: -14mentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Persistence in Africa: Household Poultry Perspective & Public Health Implications

Gabriel

2017

JDVAR

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Abbreviations: HHP, house hold poultry; HPAI, highly pathogenic avian influenza; OIE, world organisation for animal health IntroductionThe emergence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 from the Asian continent has led to the adaptation, evolution and hence the re-emergence of a re-assortant causal virus in Africa, 1 first detected in Nigeria in 2006 2,3 and subsequently reported in other 11 African countries. 4 The rapid spread of HPAI H5N1 infection has led to the decimation of poultry population with negative attendant consequences on the sales of poultry and poultry products and economics of production.5-7 Due to its zoonotic potential and ability for re-assortment HPAI H5N1 remains a major threat to human health in Africa; so far, Egypt has the highest number of confirmed human cases and reported case fatality across the globe. 8,9 Analyses and comparative assessments of data of HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry from [2006][2007][2008][2009][2010][2011][2012][2013][2014][2015][2016] (Table 1). 10,11 Household poultryThe predisposing factors to the perpetuation and persistence of HPAI H5N1 in Africa are inexhaustible; but among the important factors strongly believed to facilitate H5N1 persistence and spread is household poultry (HHP), otherwise referred to as backyard or traditional poultry; this constitute about 80% of poultry stocks made up largely of indigenous breeds and various species mixed in the same flock and reared especially by semi intensive or extensive husbandry methods. 12-14HHP has become a common practice in most countries of Africa, especially Nigeria and Egypt, because it involves the rearing of multispecies of poultry (duck, turkey, pigeon, quail and chicken) and other livestock (pig, cane rat, rabbit, goat etc.), in close proximity with human habitations; and characterised by poor biosecurity measures; which has been proven to be an indispensable tool for the mitigation of the spread of infections.15-18 A recent study conducted shows that epidemiological dynamics of HPAI has changed, with the origins of majority of the outbreaks pointing towards household/backyard poultry and associated with human cases of H5N1 infections, 19,20 this was further corroborated by OIE, 21 that HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in Nigeria between 2014-2016 has a significant number of the outbreaks in HHP. Public health implicationsDue to the poultry husbandry method practiced in Africa and the nearness of its operations to residential houses, as at the end of 2015, Egypt had the highest number of confirmed human cases (346) across the globe with 116 deaths recorded, second to Indonesia, (Table 2). 9It is worrisome to observe that since the first HPAI H5N1 outbreak in Egypt in 2006, the cases, death and case fatality rate in poultry and humans continue to increase unabated. 22-24 ConclusionThis is a reflection and a pointer towards the endemic state of HPAI H5N1 in Africa, and all these portend a bleak and elusive hope of controlling and eradicating the deadly viral sub-type in the continent of Africa. Therefor...

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Emergence of a novel cluster of influenza A(H5N1) virus clade 2.2.1.2 with putative human health impact in Egypt, 2014/15

Cited by 59 publications

References 15 publications

Natural Reassortants of Potentially Zoonotic Avian Influenza Viruses H5N1 and H9N2 from Egypt Display Distinct Pathogenic Phenotypes in Experimentally Infected Chickens and Ferrets

Natural Reassortants of Potentially Zoonotic Avian Influenza Viruses H5N1 and H9N2 from Egypt Display Distinct Pathogenic Phenotypes in Experimentally Infected Chickens and Ferrets

Etiology and pathology of epidemic outbreaks of avian influenza H5N1 infection in Egyptian chicken farms

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Persistence in Africa: Household Poultry Perspective & Public Health Implications

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