Emergence delirium in children: a comparison of sevoflurane and desflurane anesthesia using the Paediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale

Abstract

Sevoflurane and desflurane anesthesia were associated with similar incidences of ED in children undergoing sub-umbilical surgery and receiving effective regional anesthesia. High scores on the first three items of the PAED scale were highly correlated with ED. The items restlessness and inconsolability had lower sensitivity for the diagnosis of ED.

Comparing incidence of emergence delirium between sevoflurane and desflurane in children following routine otolaryngology procedures

“…1 Despite the validation of the PAED score as a reliable measure to report ED, a threshold value to indicate the presence of ED is still debated. 17-19 For example, following the work of Sikich and lerman, 1 a PAED Scale of ≥10 was used as a cutoff value to define the presence or absence of ED. More recently, several studies have suggested a PAED score >12 provides a greater sensitivity and specificity than a PAED Score ≥10, 17, 20 however this difference was not found to be significant for our study (Table V).…”

The effect of fentanyl and clonidine on early postoperative negative behavior in children: a double‐blind placebo controlled trial

“…The PAED scoring system is perhaps less likely influenced by pain as a measure of ED. The first three items of the PAED are not directly correlated to pain but are specific to delirious behavior . The last two PAED scale items ‘Consolability’ and ‘Restlessness’ may reflect pain as well as ED.…”

Effects of intraoperative dexmedetomidine with intravenous anesthesia on postoperative emergence agitation/delirium in pediatric patients undergoing tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy

“…Recovery time (defined as the time from the end of operation to spontaneous eye opening or response to verbal command) and extubation time (defined as the time from the completion of operation to extubation) was evaluated and recorded. Objective pain score (OPS) (as shown in Table 1) [22,23] was used for the evaluation of pain degree, and the PAED scale (as shown in Table 2) [24–27] and CPS (as shown in Table 3) [28–30] was employed to assess POED at the time points of 0, 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after transfer into the PACU. One parent or guardian met the child on arrival in the recovery area and the child was allowed to regain consciousness undisturbed.…”