Emergence and Reemergence of Viral Zoonotic Diseases: Concepts and Factors of Emerging and Reemerging Globalization of Health Threats

Amri, Hamid El; Boukharta, Mohamed; Zakham, Fathiah; Ennaji, Moulay Mustapha

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819400-3.00027-2

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…Human intervention, including practices like intensive farming or the housing of farm animals from different species in close proximity, has been a major force in driving viral emergence, with potentially catastrophic results (El Amri et al., 2019; Rios et al., 2017; VanderWaal & Deen, 2018; Wasik et al., 2019). In this regard, pestiviruses have shown a capacity for crossing the species barrier, leading to the emergence of new viruses in some cases (Rios et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The new emerging ovine pestivirus can infect pigs and confers strong protection against classical swine fever virus

Bohórquez

Sozzi

Wang

et al. 2021

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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Several emerging pestiviruses have been reported lately, some of which have proved to cause disease. Recently, a new ovine pestivirus (OVPV), isolated from aborted lambs, with high genetic identity to classical swine fever virus (CSFV), has proved to induce reproductive disorders in pregnant ewes. OVPV also generated strong serological and molecular cross‐reaction with CSFV. To assess the capacity of OVPV to infect swine, twelve piglets were infected either by intranasal or intramuscular route. Daily clinical evaluation and weekly samplings were performed to determine pathogenicity, viral replication and excretion and induction of immune response. Five weeks later, two pigs from each group were euthanized and tissue samples were collected to study viral replication and distribution. OVPV generated only mild clinical signs in the piglets, including wasting and polyarthritis. The virus was able to replicate, as shown by the RNA levels found in sera and swabs and persisted in tonsil for at least 5 weeks. Viral replication activated the innate and adaptive immunity, evidenced by the induction of interferon‐alpha levels early after infection and cross‐neutralizing antibodies against CSFV, including humoural response against CSFV E2 and Erns glycoproteins. Close antigenic relation between OVPV and CSFV genotype 2.3 was detected. To determine the OVPV protection against CSFV, the OVPV‐infected pigs were challenged with a highly virulent strain. Strong clinical, virological and immunological protection was generated in the OVPV‐infected pigs, in direct contrast with the infection control group. Our findings show, for the first time, the OVPV capacity to infect swine, activate immunity, and the robust protection conferred against CSFV. In addition, their genetic and antigenic similarities, the close relationship between both viruses, suggest their possible coevolution as two branches stemming from a shared origin at the same time in two different hosts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The new emerging ovine pestivirus can infect pigs and confers strong protection against classical swine fever virus

Bohórquez

Sozzi

Wang

et al. 2021

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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“…Bio-safety measures are mostly compromised in such areas by consumption of these wild animals directly or indirectly via contact between wildlife and domestic animals [37,38]. Human health is closely related to animal and environment which drives the attention towards the importance of "One Health" approach [39]. The Global Environmental Institute Beijing (TGEIB) have somewhat adopted One Health concept in broader term by limiting its scope to private enterprise and not giving key interest in tracing infectious diseases.…”

Section: One Health Approach In Chinamentioning

confidence: 99%

Insight into SARS-CoV-2: Epidemiology, Hosts and One Health

Khaqan¹,

Wang²

2021

Arch Immunol

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In December 2019, an increasing number of new cases of the new coronavirus (CoV) SARS-CoV-2 associated with pneumonia (COVID-19) have been reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China [1-5]. The epidemic did not limit itself only to China, but now it acquired the state of a massive pandemic by hitting more than 200 countries around the globe. In an early study by Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, a total of 5.6% environmental samples from Wuhan South China Seafood Market were found SARS-CoV-2 positive, while some studies also proposed other sources causing infections because some infected individuals had not been exposed to seafood markets [4,6,7,]. Li et al. estimated that SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Wuhan had probably begun in November 2019 (95% CI, 2019.9.25-2019.12.19) based on analysis of genetic diversity, temporal origin, and evolutionary history [8]. In this tug of war situation to control and prevent SARS-CoV-2, scientists, researcher community and, pharmaceutic industry are putting all their energies and resources to overcome this pandemic.Based on research and data available, we hypothesize that the source of SARS-CoV-2 transmission is semi-wild animals (bamboo rats, mink, pangolins and crickets) reared in farms for human consumption, where they might have infected by the natural virus host (bats). Poor sanitary conditions, carcasses and blood after slaughtering attract rats, stray dogs, and cats, may also promote the spread, recombination and mutation of the virus across different species including humans. This leads us to two questions which may be of great

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“…Zoonotic events and the human-animal interface are important capacities considering the emerging infectious diseases since 75% of the pathogens related to them have an animal origin 10 . The improvement of this capacity may permit to attain higher proportion zoonotic events, detecting animal reservoir, and vectors timely.…”

Section: Dear Editormentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Brazil prepared for the new era of infectious disease epidemics?

Vicente

2020

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Emergence and Reemergence of Viral Zoonotic Diseases: Concepts and Factors of Emerging and Reemerging Globalization of Health Threats

Cited by 15 publications

References 31 publications

The new emerging ovine pestivirus can infect pigs and confers strong protection against classical swine fever virus

The new emerging ovine pestivirus can infect pigs and confers strong protection against classical swine fever virus

Insight into SARS-CoV-2: Epidemiology, Hosts and One Health

Is Brazil prepared for the new era of infectious disease epidemics?

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