Emergence and multiple reassortments of French 2015–2016 highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza viruses

Briand, François-Xavier; Niqueux, Éric; Schmitz, Audrey; Hirchaud, Edouard; Quenault, Hélène; Allée, Chantal; Prioux, Aurélie Le; Guillou-Cloarec, Cécile; Ogor, Katell; Bras, Marlène; Gares, Hélène; Daniel, P.; Fediaevsky, Alexandre; Martenot, Claire; Massin, Pascale; Bouquin, Sophie Le; Blanchard, Yannick; Eterradossi, Nicolas

doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2018.04.007

Cited by 15 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…These A/H5 HP AIVs belonged to an H5 genetic lineage significantly different from the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 lineage, and therefore do not have an assigned clade number (clades have been defined within the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 lineage only (8,9)). They presented an unusual HP hemagglutinin cleavage site, a high capacity to spread and induced limited clinical signs in ducks (8,10). During winter 2016-2017, outbreaks due to the A/H5N8 HP AIV from the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 lineage (clade 2.3.4.4) among wild birds and poultry were recorded in France and in many countries in Europe (11)(12)(13)(14).…”

Section: Downloaded Frommentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural and Experimental Persistence of Highly Pathogenic H5 Influenza Viruses in Slurry of Domestic Ducks, with or without Lime Treatment

Schmitz

Pertusa

Bouquin

et al. 2020

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Infections by A/H5 and A/H7 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) can cause acute disease and are therefore notifiable in poultry and wild birds. During winter 2015-2016, several cases of infection caused by highly pathogenic (HP) AIVs belonging to the A/H5N1, A/H5N2 and A/H5N9 subtypes, were detected in south-western France. Throughout winter 2016-2017, several cases of infections mainly caused by A/H5N8 HP AIV (A/Gooses/GD/1/96 clade 2.3.4.4) were detected across Europe. On both occasions, the viruses were widely detected on palmiped farms in France. This study was designed to evaluate the persistence of A/H5 HP AIV in slurry from various duck productions. This was achieved i) in the laboratory setting by artificially spiking four AIV-free slurry samples with known amounts of A/H5N9 HP AIV and monitoring virus infectivity, with or without lime treatment to achieve pH 10 or pH 12, and ii) by sampling slurry tanks on five naturally A/H5N8 HP-contaminated farms. Experimental results in artificially spiked slurry suggested virus survival for 4 weeks in slurry from Muscovy- or Pekin-duck breeders, and for 2 weeks in slurry from ducks for “foie-gras” production during the assisted feeding period, without lime treatment. Persistence of infectious A/H5N9 HP AIV in all slurry samples after lime treatment at pH 10 or pH 12 was less than 1 week. The A/H5N8 HP AIV persisted in naturally contaminated untreated slurry for 7 weeks. The results obtained provide experimental support for the 60-day storage period without treatment, or the 7-day interval post-lime treatment defined in French regulations for slurry sanitization. IMPORTANCE From November 2015 to July 2017, two successive episodes of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HP AIVs) infections occurred on poultry farms in France, mostly in domestic ducks raised for “foie gras” production in south-western France. During the two epizootics, epidemiological investigations were carried out on infected farms and control and biosafety measures were implemented in association with surveillance in order to stop the spread of the viruses. Effluents are known to be an important factor in environmental dissemination of viruses, and suitable effluent management is needed to help prevent the spread of epizootics to other farms, or pathogen persistence at the farm level. The present study was therefore designed to assess how long infectious A/H5 HP AI viruses can persist in naturally or experimentally contaminated fecal slurry samples from ducks, with or without sanitization by lime treatment.

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Section: Downloaded Frommentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural and Experimental Persistence of Highly Pathogenic H5 Influenza Viruses in Slurry of Domestic Ducks, with or without Lime Treatment

Schmitz

Pertusa

Bouquin

et al. 2020

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…No additional information on production category and commercial type of the affected holding, or regarding the surveillance stream that led to the outbreak detection, were reported by Germany. Briand et al (2018) studied an HPAI A(H5) outbreak that occurred on poultry farms in south-western France from November 2015 to August 2016. The responsible viruses were mainly detected on farms raising waterfowl, but also in chicken and guinea fowl flocks, and did not induce severe signs in waterfowl although they did meet the HPAI criteria.…”

Section: Hpai A(h5n6)-affected Poultry Holding In Germanymentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian influenza overview February – May 2018

Adlhoch¹,

Brouwer²,

Kuiken³

et al. 2018

EFS2

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Between 16 February and 15 May 2018, three highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N6) and 11 HPAI A(H5N8) outbreaks in poultry holdings, one HPAI A(H5N6) and one HPAI A(H5N8) outbreak in captive birds, and 55 HPAI A(H5N6) wild bird events were reported in Europe. There is no evidence to date that HPAI A(H5N6) viruses circulating in Europe are associated with clades infecting humans. Fewer HPAI wild bird cases have been detected than during the same period of previous year. Most of mortality events among wild birds involved single birds and species listed in the revised list of target species for passive surveillance. Raptor species constitute 74% of the HPAI‐infected wild birds found dead. Those raptor species probably became infected by hunting or scavenging HPAI virus‐positive birds, and so raptor cases may predominate later in the course of an HPAI epidemic. Despite the important HPAI virus incursion via wild birds there have been few associated HPAI A(H5N6) outbreaks in poultry. Fifteen low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) outbreaks were reported in three Member States. The risk of zoonotic transmission to the general public in Europe is considered to be very low. The situation in Africa and the Middle East should be closely monitored with regards to HPAI A(H5N1) and A(H5N8). Uncontrolled spread of the virus and subsequent further genetic evolution in regions geographically connected to Europe may increase uncertainty and the risk for further dissemination of virus. Long‐distance migrating wild birds from southern Africa, e.g. the common tern (Sterna hirundo), may be included in targeted active surveillance schemes at a few priority locations in Europe in order to detect HPAI A(H5)‐infected migrating birds early. However, the risk of HPAI introduction from non‐EU countries via migratory wild birds to Europe is still considered to be much lower for wild birds crossing the southern borders than for those crossing the north‐eastern borders.

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“…Genetic analyses revealed that the HA was independent from the Gs/Gd/1/96-like H5 lineage and thus represented a new HPAIV emergence event (21). The virus has undergone multiple reassortment events during its circulation in France leading to the co-circulation of H5N1, H5N2 and H5N9 HPAIV subtypes (22). Field observations provided evidence that clinical signs depended on the HPAIV subtype and on the host species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Field observations provided evidence that clinical signs depended on the HPAIV subtype and on the host species. Gallinaceous poultry exhibited a moderate increase in mortality, while waterfowl mostly showed no clinical signs of infection (22). Here, we performed the first experimental H5N9 HPAIV infection in ducks ( Anas platyrhynchos ), which confirmed that H5N9 HPAIV infection in ducks was not associated with clinical signs and only produced mild lesions detected microscopically in the respiratory tract.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Intestinal Microbiota Contributes to the Control of Highly Pathogenic H5N9 Influenza Virus Replication in Ducks

Figueroa

Bessière

Coggon

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Emergence and multiple reassortments of French 2015–2016 highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza viruses

Cited by 15 publications

References 29 publications

Natural and Experimental Persistence of Highly Pathogenic H5 Influenza Viruses in Slurry of Domestic Ducks, with or without Lime Treatment

Natural and Experimental Persistence of Highly Pathogenic H5 Influenza Viruses in Slurry of Domestic Ducks, with or without Lime Treatment

Avian influenza overview February – May 2018

The Intestinal Microbiota Contributes to the Control of Highly Pathogenic H5N9 Influenza Virus Replication in Ducks

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