Emergence and Continuous Evolution of Genotype 1E Rubella Viruses in China

Zhu, Zhen; Cui, Ai‐Li; Wang, H.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, C.; Wang, C.; Zhou, Shujie; Chen, X.; Zhang, Z.; Feng, Daxing; Wang, Y.; Chen, H.; Pan, Zhengfan; Zeng, Xiaoyue; Zhou, Jian; Wang, S.; Chang, Xiaotong; Yue, Lei; Tian, Hui; Liu, Y.; Zhan, Jiasui; Gu, Suyi; Tian, Xiaoling; Liu, J.; Chen, Y.; Fu, Hongyong; Yang, Xin; Zheng, Huanying; Liu, L.; Zheng, Lei; Gao, Hui; He, Jun; Sun, Lihua; Xu, Wenbo

doi:10.1128/jcm.01264-11

Cited by 32 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 29 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…For example, the D9 strain was shown to be generated approximately 40 years ago using the phylogenetic tree, while the virus was detected in 1999. This has been seen in other viruses, such as rubella virus [13]. Indeed, Zhu et al showed that cluster 1 isolates of Chinese genotype 1E rubella virus were collected from 2001 to 2009, while the viruses were estimated to have appeared in 1997 according to the MCMC method.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Molecular Evolution of Hemagglutinin (H) Gene in Measles Virus Genotypes D3, D5, D9, and H1

et al. 2012

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We studied the molecular evolution of H gene in four prevalent Asian genotypes (D3, D5, D9, and H1) of measles virus (MeV). We estimated the evolutionary time scale of the gene by the Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. In addition, we predicted the changes in structure of H protein due to selective pressures. The phylogenetic tree showed that the first division of these genotypes occurred around 1931, and further division of each type in the 1960–1970s resulted in four genotypes. The rate of molecular evolution was relatively slow (5.57×10−4 substitutions per site per year). Only two positively selected sites (F476L and Q575K) were identified in H protein, although these substitutions might not have imparted significant changes to the structure of the protein or the epitopes for phylactic antibodies. The results suggested that the prevalent Asian MeV genotypes were generated over approximately 30–40 years and H protein was well conserved.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Molecular Evolution of Hemagglutinin (H) Gene in Measles Virus Genotypes D3, D5, D9, and H1

et al. 2012

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In China, genotype 1E was first reported in 200112 and it has been the dominant RV genotype since then. Phylogenetic analysis of genotype 1E viruses collected from 2001 to 2012 based on the 739-nt genotyping window showed that the Chinese genotype 1E viruses appeared to be a distinct lineage from the genotype 1E viruses found elsewhere121328. This divergence has become more prominent in recent Chinese genotype 1E viruses as the subgroup (1E-A) is now distinct from earlier sequences.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…A genotype 1E sequence was first reported in France in 199527 and was predicted to have emerged around the early 1990’s28. Since then, genotype 1E viruses have been found in Europe, Southeast Asia, and northern Africa with sporadic cases or outbreaks occurring in other regions such as the Americas1029.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of complete genomes of the rubella virus genotypes 1E and 2B which circulated in China, 2000–2013

Zhu

Chen

Abernathy

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Rubella viruses of genotypes 1E and 2B are currently the most frequently detected wild-type viruses in the world. Genotype 1E viruses from China have been genetically distinct from genotype 1E viruses found elsewhere, while genotype 2B viruses found in China are not distinguishable from genotype 2B viruses from other areas. Genetic clusters of viruses of both genotypes were defined previously using sequences of the 739-nt genotyping window. Here we report phylogenic analysis using whole genomic sequences from seven genotype 1E and three genotype 2B viruses which were isolated in China between 2000 and 2013 and confirm the subgrouping of current circulating genotypes 1E and 2B viruses. In addition, the whole genomic characterization of Chinese rubella viruses was clarified. The results indicated that the Chinese rubella viruses were highly conserved at the genomic level, and no predicted amino acid variations were found at positions where functional domains of the proteins were identified. Therefore, it gives us the idea that the rubella control and elimination goal should be achieved if vaccine immunization coverage continues maintaining at the high level.

show abstract

“…Rubella remains endemic in China and is an important cause of severe birth defects through CRS [13, 14]. RCV was not included in the Chinese EPI until 2007.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccination in secondary school students expedites rubella control and prevents congenital rubella syndrome

Yan

Tang

et al. 2016

BMC Infect Dis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundIn order to control the spread of rubella and reduce the risk for congenital rubella syndrome, an additional rubella vaccination program was set up for all secondary school students since 2008 in Zhejiang, China.MethodsWe conducted a descriptive analysis of rubella incidence among different age groups from 2005 to 2015 and a serosurvey of female subjects aged 15–39 years to understand the possible effects of this immunization program.ResultsThe average annual rubella incidence rate had decreased from 15.86 per 100,000 population (2005–2007) to 0.75 per 100,000 population (2013–2015) in Zhejiang. The decrease in the rate of rubella incidence in girls aged 15–19 years was more accelerated (from 138.30 to 0.34 per 100,000) than in the total population during 2008–2015 (from 32.20 to 0.46 per 100,000). Of 1225 female subjects in the serosurvey, 256 (20.9%) were not immune to rubella. The proportion of subjects immune to rubella was significantly different among different age groups (Wald χ2 = 22.19, p = 0.000), and subjects aged 15–19 years old had the highest immunity (88.0%). Rubella antibody levels were significantly lower in women aged 25–30 years with 26.7% of them not immune, followed by the group aged 20–24 years (25.0%) and 30–35 years (24.5%).ConclusionsRubella vaccine included in the Expanded Program on Immunization together with vaccination activities for secondary school students can help in rubella control, particularly in targeted age groups in the program. Seroprevalence of antibodies to the rubella virus amongst the female population within childbearing age in Zhejiang, China, is still too low to provide immunity. In addition to vaccination programs in the secondary schools, rubella vaccination should also be encouraged in women of childbearing age, which can be done effectively combined with pre-marital examination in China.

show abstract

Emergence and Continuous Evolution of Genotype 1E Rubella Viruses in China

Cited by 32 publications

References 29 publications

Molecular Evolution of Hemagglutinin (H) Gene in Measles Virus Genotypes D3, D5, D9, and H1

Molecular Evolution of Hemagglutinin (H) Gene in Measles Virus Genotypes D3, D5, D9, and H1

Analysis of complete genomes of the rubella virus genotypes 1E and 2B which circulated in China, 2000–2013

Vaccination in secondary school students expedites rubella control and prevents congenital rubella syndrome

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About