EMDR and Olfactory Reference Syndrome A Case Series

McGoldrick, Therese; Begum, Millia; Brown, Keith

doi:10.1891/1933-3196.2.1.63

Cited by 27 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…ORS and comorbid symptoms were assessed using objective rating scales, elaborating on previous reports on behavioral therapy and EMDR in ORS. 5,[7][8][9] After CBT group treatment, ORS symptoms fully remitted and improvement was maintained for 6 months. Paroxetine treatment initiated after CBT could have contributed to maintenance of remission.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Some case studies have reported (partial) response with clomipramine, 1,3,4 while others have reported nonresponse. [5][6][7] The interpretation of previous case reports on behavioral therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is impeded by the paucity of objective outcome assessments. 5,[7][8][9] To date, no report on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been published.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…[5][6][7] The interpretation of previous case reports on behavioral therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is impeded by the paucity of objective outcome assessments. 5,[7][8][9] To date, no report on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been published. We present a case of ORS in a woman who was successfully treated with CBT.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Olfactory Reference Syndrome

Zantvoord

Vulink

Denys

2016

J. Clin. Psychiatry

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was carried out with 8 fellow group members who were all suffering from body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). Treatment consisted of twice-weekly sessions with a total duration of 16 weeks. CBT was based on a previously published manual, 13 which was adapted to facilitate group-based treatment. The first session entailed psychoeducation and establishment of treatment goals. In the second session, an exposure hierarchy was composed. During and between sessions, gradual and repetitive in vivo exposure with task concentration and response prevention were performed. The treatment manual was adapted specifically for Ms A to include tailored exposure exercises to evoke fear-inducing stimuli related to her emitting an offensive body odor. Examples included approaching someone on the street for small talk and, subsequently, standing close and talking to someone in a confined space and then doing so without using deodorant or showering beforehand. Cognitive restructuring was introduced to identify and adjust dysfunctional beliefs. In the final sessions, relapse prevention strategies were discussed. Apart from body-oriented therapy elements, such as progressive muscle relaxation (Jacobson technique) and breathing exercises, no concurrent treatments were performed.Following treatment, Ms A's ORS symptoms fully remitted. For residual GAD symptoms, paroxetine 20 mg/d was initiated after CBT termination. Two months thereafter, GAD symptoms remitted (Table 1). In the following months, ORS and GAD symptoms remained in remission. Ms A resumed her studies and group fitness classes. The present case is the first report of successful treatment of ORS combining cognitive and behavioral techniques. ORS and comorbid symptoms were assessed using objective rating scales, elaborating on previous reports on behavioral therapy and EMDR in ORS.5,7-9 After CBT group treatment, ORS symptoms fully remitted and improvement was maintained for 6 months. Paroxetine treatment initiated after CBT could have contributed to maintenance of remission. Our findings are promising, because a standard treatment for ORS has not been established. 2,6 The classification of ORS as an obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder is a point of ongoing debate.2 The group CBT in which our patient enrolled was designed for treatment of BDD. Nevertheless, ORS remitted, which gives some support for the classification of ORS as an obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder. However, our observations should be interpreted with caution, as the effects noted could be based on nonspecific therapeutic factors and were limited to a single case. Therefore, further research, particularly a randomized controlled trial of the efficacy of CBT in ORS, is warranted.

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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Olfactory Reference Syndrome

Zantvoord

Vulink

Denys

2016

J. Clin. Psychiatry

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“…Con el fracaso de la terapia electroconvulsiva y otros antipsicóticos 22 y el escaso beneficio de intervenciones conductuales y psicodinámicas 23,24 , se ha propuesto el EMDR como tratamiento eficaz en una serie de casos 25 . Por la evolución favorable experimentada en nuestro caso con la combinación farmacológica de pimozide y de sertralina, sin que aparecieran efectos secundarios adversos, proponemos esta opción de tratamiento farmacológico, si bien este debería acompañarse de una psicoterapia.…”

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Síndrome de referencia olfatorio: a propósito de un caso

Rodríguez-Quiroga

Mendoza

Gómez

2014

Psiquiatría Biológica

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“…It is important to emphasize that memories of even ubiquitous events appear to set the foundation for a wide range of pathologies. For instance, the onset of both body dysmorphic disorder (Brown et al 1997) and olfactory reference syndrome (McGoldrick et al 2008) were reported to be childhood humiliations, and the symptoms were eliminated after one to three EMDR memory processing sessions. Although EMDR can successfully address the overt symptoms associated with a variety of clinical diagnoses, its overarching goal is to achieve an alteration of the underlying condition that is generating the dysfunctional response in the present as part of a comprehensive treatment effect.…”

Section: Efficacymentioning

confidence: 99%

EMDR and the Adaptive Information Processing Model: Integrative Treatment and Case Conceptualization

Shapiro¹,

Laliotis²

2010

Clin Soc Work J

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EMDR is a comprehensive psychotherapy approach that is compatible with all contemporary theoretical orientations. Internationally recognized as a frontline trauma treatment, it is also applicable to a broad range of clinical issues. As a distinct form of psychotherapy, the treatment emphasis is placed on directly processing the neurophysiologically stored memories of events that set the foundation for pathology and health. The adaptive information processing model that governs EMDR practice invites the therapist to address the overall clinical picture that includes the past experiences that contribute to a client's current difficulties, the present events that trigger maladaptive responses, and to develop more adaptive neural networks of memory in order to enhance positive responses in the future. The clinical application of EMDR is elaborated through a description of the eight phases of treatment with a case example that illustrates the convergences with psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, and systemic practice.

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EMDR and Olfactory Reference Syndrome A Case Series

Cited by 27 publications

References 24 publications

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Olfactory Reference Syndrome

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Olfactory Reference Syndrome

Síndrome de referencia olfatorio: a propósito de un caso

EMDR and the Adaptive Information Processing Model: Integrative Treatment and Case Conceptualization

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