Embryotoxic effect of cadmium on rats upon oral administration

Toxicological benchmarks for wildlife: 1996 Revision

“…Because this study considered only one dose level, requiring the estimation of the NOAEL, it was considered inappropriate for benchmark derivation if high quality studies with both a NOAEL and LOAEL are available. Experimental NOAELs and LOAELs were observed in three studies (Wills et al 1981, Machemer andLorke 1981, andSutou et al 198Oa). …”

Toxicological Benchmarks for Wildlife

“…Because this study considered only one dose level, requiring the estimation of the NOAEL, it was considered inappropriate for benchmark derivation if high quality studies with both a NOAEL and LOAEL are available. Experimental NOAELs and LOAELs were observed in three studies (Wills et al 1981, Machemer and Lorke 1981, and Sutou et al 1980a). …”

“…Both the remaining studies (Machemer andLorke 1981, Sutou et al 1980a) were considered suitable for benchmark derivation (considered multiple dose levels, identified experimental NOAELs and LOAELs, and were greater than background exposure). Of the two studies, the lowest NOAELs and LOAELs were reported by Sutou et al (1980a).…”

“…A total of six studies were evaluated for the revision of the cadmium benchmark (Schroeder and Mitchner 1971, Baranski et al 1983, Webster 1978, Wills et al 1981, Machemer and Lorke 1981, and Sutou et al 1980a. Detailed summaries of the results of each study are listed in Appendix E. All studies considered reproductive effects to rats or mice following oral exposure to cadmium salts.…”

Toxicological benchmarks for wildlife: 1995 revision

“…A total of six studies were evaluated for the revision of the cadmium benchmark (Schroeder and Mitchner 1971, Baranski et al 1983, Webster 1978, Wills et al 1981, Machemer and Lorke 1981, and Sutou et al 1980a. Detailed summaries of the results of each stndy are listed in Appendix E. All studies considered reproductive effects to rats or mice following oral exposure to cadmium salts.…”