Embryonic vertebrate central nervous system: Revised terminology

Angevine, Jay B.; Bodian, David; Coulombre, Alfred J.; Edds, Mac V.; Hamburger, Viktor; Jacobson, Marcus; Lyser, Katherine M.; Prestige, M. C.; Sidman, Richard L.; Varon, Silvio; Weiß, Paul

doi:10.1002/ar.1091660214

Cited by 638 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Like NECs, aRGCs display INM, undergoing mitosis at the apical surface of the telencephalon (Noctor et al, 2001). However, from the onset of neurogenesis the basal side of the cortical wall becomes populated by progressively larger numbers of neurons and pioneer axonal fibers, and the cell bodies of aRGCs become confined to the apical region, constituting the primary cortical germinal layer: ventricular zone (VZ; Boulder_Committee, 1970). The establishment of the VZ brings two major differences compared with the neuroepithelium stage of the early cortical anlage: (a) the INM of aRGCs takes place only across the thickness of the VZ, without reaching the basal lamina of the cortex and (b) the basal process of aRGCs becomes progressively longer as the cortical wall becomes thicker (Bayer and Altman, 1991; Sidman and Rakic, 1973).…”

Section: Progenitor Cells In the Developing Mouse Cerebral Cortexmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Asymmetric neurogenic divisions seem to occur at a low frequency in mouse aRGCs, even at early stages (Attardo et al, 2008; Haubensak et al, 2004; Kowalczyk et al, 2009), whereas asymmetric proliferative divisions are gradually more frequent along development, increasing their amplificative potential (Haubensak et al, 2004; Kowalczyk et al, 2009; Kriegstein et al, 2006; Martinez‐Cerdeno et al, 2006; Noctor et al, 2004). These divisions generate new types of progenitor cells that will undergo mitosis at positions immediately basal from the VZ, in a secondary germinal layer named subventricular zone (SVZ), and therefore they are referred to collectively as basal progenitors (Boulder_Committee, 1970; Fish et al, 2008; Haubensak et al, 2004; Kowalczyk et al, 2009; Noctor et al, 2004). Basal progenitors are the major source of cortical neurons in mouse (Haubensak et al, 2004; Kowalczyk et al, 2009).…”

Section: Progenitor Cells In the Developing Mouse Cerebral Cortexmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Basal intermediate progenitor cells, from now on referred to as intermediate progenitor cells (IPCs) are nonepithelial progenitors with multipolar morphology generated by aRGCs in the apical surface of the VZ, from where they migrate basally to coalesce forming a secondary germinal layer: the subventricular zone (SVZ; Attardo et al, 2008; Boulder_Committee, 1970; Haubensak et al, 2004; Miyata et al, 2004; Noctor et al, 2004). Newly generated IPCs undergo a transition phase of a few hours when they translocate their cell soma to the VZ but retain an apical process anchored in the apical adherens junction belt, likely inherited from their mother aRGC (Borrell et al, 2012; Noctor et al, 2008; Wilsch‐Bräuniger et al, 2012).…”

Section: Progenitor Cells In the Developing Mouse Cerebral Cortexmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Coevolution of radial glial cells and the cerebral cortex

Romero

Borrell

2015

Glia

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Radial glia cells play fundamental roles in the development of the cerebral cortex, acting both as the primary stem and progenitor cells, as well as the guides for neuronal migration and lamination. These critical functions of radial glia cells in cortical development have been discovered mostly during the last 15 years and, more recently, seminal studies have demonstrated the existence of a remarkable diversity of additional cortical progenitor cell types, including a variety of basal radial glia cells with key roles in cortical expansion and folding, both in ontogeny and phylogeny. In this review, we summarize the main cellular and molecular mechanisms known to be involved in cerebral cortex development in mouse, as the currently preferred animal model, and then compare these with known mechanisms in other vertebrates, both mammal and nonmammal, including human. This allows us to present a global picture of how radial glia cells and the cerebral cortex seem to have coevolved, from reptiles to primates, leading to the remarkable diversity of vertebrate cortical phenotypes. GLIA 2015;63:1303–1319

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Section: Progenitor Cells In the Developing Mouse Cerebral Cortexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Progenitor Cells In the Developing Mouse Cerebral Cortexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Progenitor Cells In the Developing Mouse Cerebral Cortexmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Coevolution of radial glial cells and the cerebral cortex

Romero

Borrell

2015

Glia

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“…According to the definition proposed by the Boulder Committee Report (Angevine et al, 1970), the SVZ is defined as: “located at the junction of the ventricular and intermediate zone. The initial cellular occupants come into position soon after the intermediate zone has begun to form.…”

Section: Is There An Svz With Intermediate Progenitors In the Sauropsmentioning

confidence: 99%

From sauropsids to mammals and back: New approaches to comparative cortical development

Montiel

Vasistha

García-Moreno

et al. 2015

J of Comparative Neurology

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Evolution of the mammalian neocortex (isocortex) has been a persisting problem in neurobiology. While recent studies have attempted to understand the evolutionary expansion of the human neocortex from rodents, similar approaches have been used to study the changes between reptiles, birds, and mammals. We review here findings from the past decades on the development, organization, and gene expression patterns in various extant species. This review aims to compare cortical cell numbers and neuronal cell types to the elaboration of progenitor populations and their proliferation in these species. Several progenitors, such as the ventricular radial glia, the subventricular intermediate progenitors, and the subventricular (outer) radial glia, have been identified but the contribution of each to cortical layers and cell types through specific lineages, their possible roles in determining brain size or cortical folding, are not yet understood. Across species, larger, more diverse progenitors relate to cortical size and cell diversity. The challenge is to relate the radial and tangential expansion of the neocortex to the changes in the proliferative compartments during mammalian evolution and with the changes in gene expression and lineages evident in various sectors of the developing brain. We also review the use of recent lineage tracing and transcriptomic approaches to revisit theories and to provide novel understanding of molecular processes involved in specification of cortical regions. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:630–645, 2016. © 2015 The Authors. The Journal of Comparative Neurology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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“…In 1961 he defined the 'SVZ' as superficial to the VZ, and defined SVZ cells as "a collection of undifferentiated, mitotically active cells which appear during embryonic development", and which play "an important part in the production of cells for the cerebral cortex and persists into adult life retaining, at least in rats and mice, its ability to form new cells" (Smart, 1961). In 1970, The Boulder Committee published a special communication to recommend revised terminology for the embryonic vertebrate brain (Boulder Committee: Angevine et al, 1970). The Boulder Committee recognized first and foremost that terminological problems are inevitable, and even a desirable consequence of scientific advance (Boulder Committee: Angevine et al, 1970).…”

Section: Defining the Svzmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary origin of Tbr2‐expressing precursor cells and the subventricular zone in the developing cortex

Martínez‐Cerdeño

Cunningham

Camacho

et al. 2015

J of Comparative Neurology

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The subventricular zone (SVZ) is greatly expanded in primates with gyrencephalic cortices, and is thought to be absent from vertebrates with three-layered, lissencephalic cortices, such as the turtle. Recent work in rodents has shown that Tbr2-expressing neural precursor cells in the SVZ produce excitatory neurons for each cortical layer in the neocortex. Many excitatory neurons are generated through a two-step process in which Pax6-expressing radial glial cells divide in the VZ to produce Tbr2-expressing intermediate progenitor cells, which divide in the SVZ to produce cortical neurons. We investigated the evolutionary origin of SVZ neural precursor cells in the prenatal cerebral cortex by testing for the presence and distribution of Tbr2-expressing cells in the prenatal cortex of reptilian and avian species. We found that mitotic Tbr2+ cells are present in the prenatal cortex of lizard, turtle, chicken and dove. Furthermore, Tbr2+ cells are organized into a distinct SVZ in the DVR of turtle forebrain, and in the cortices of chicken and dove. Our results are consistent with the concept that Tbr2+ neural precursor cells were present in the common ancestor of mammals and reptiles. Our data also suggest that the organizing principle guiding the assembly of Tbr2+ cells into an anatomically distinct SVZ, both developmentally and evolutionarily, may be shared across vertebrates. Finally, our results indicate that Tbr2 expression can be used to test for the presence of a distinct SVZ, and to define the boundaries of the SVZ in developing cortices.

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Embryonic vertebrate central nervous system: Revised terminology

Cited by 638 publications

References 19 publications

Coevolution of radial glial cells and the cerebral cortex

Coevolution of radial glial cells and the cerebral cortex

From sauropsids to mammals and back: New approaches to comparative cortical development

Evolutionary origin of Tbr2‐expressing precursor cells and the subventricular zone in the developing cortex

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