Embryonic exposure to prothioconazole induces oxidative stress and apoptosis in zebrafish (Danio rerio) early life stage

“…Prothioconazole (CAS:178928-70-6, PTC), as a highly effective broad-spectrum triazole fungicide, is extensively used in agriculture to battle diseases in crops by inhibiting the ergosterol biosynthesis of fungi [ 1 , 5 ]. It has become a mainstream product in fungicides, ranking third in fungicide sales and first in cereal fungicides [ 1 , 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was reported to have acute toxicity on Chlorella pyrenoidosa (EC 50 = 9.33 mg·L −1 ) [ 12 ], Lemna mino L. (EC 50 = 1.85 mg·L −1 ) [ 12 ], Daphnia magna (EC 50–48 h = 2.82 mg·L −1 ) [ 16 ], and Zebrafish embryos (LC 50–96 h = 1.70 mg·L −1 ) [ 17 ]. PTC could induce developmental toxicity, cardiovascular effects, and oxidative damage in zebrafish [ 1 , 5 , 17 ]. It also adversely affected the growth and reproduction of Daphnia magna [ 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enantioselective Toxic Effects of Prothioconazole toward Scenedesmus obliquus

Xiang

Tan

2023

Molecules

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Prothioconazole (PTC) is a broad-spectrum triazole fungicide with one asymmetric center and consists of two enantiomers, R-(−)-PTC and S-(+)-PTC. To address the concern of its environmental safety, the enantioselective toxic effects of PTC on Scendesmus obliquus (S. obliquus) were investigated. PTC racemates (Rac-PTC) and enantiomers exhibited dose-dependent acute toxicity effects against S. obliquus at a concentration from 1 to 10 mg·L−1. The 72 h-EC50 value of Rac-, R-(−)-, and S-(+)-PTC is 8.15, 16.53, and 7.85 mg·L−1, respectively. The growth ratios and photosynthetic pigment contents of the R-(−)-PTC treatment groups were higher than the Rac- and S-(+)-PTC treatment groups. Both catalase (CAT) activities and esterase activities were inhibited in the Rac- and S-(+)-PTC treatment groups at high concentrations of 5 and 10 mg·L−1, and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were elevated, which exceeded the levels in algal cells for the R-(−)-PTC treatment groups. PTC could disrupt the cell morphology of S. obliquus and induce cell membrane damage, following the order of S-(+)-PTC ≈ Rac-PTC > R-(−)-PTC. The enantioselective toxic effects of PTC on S. obliquus provide essential information for its ecological risk assessment.

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“…However, unreasonable use may result in the residue of prothioconazole and its metabolites in agricultural products and the environment. The rapid rise of prothioconazole has aroused extensive research interest among scholars, and current research reports on prothioconazole and its metabolites mainly include toxicity assays [8,9], pathogen and toxin prevention and control [10][11][12], residue analysis method establishment [13], field efficacy [14], residue behavior in environment and crops [15,16], endocrine disruption mechanism [17], etc. Prothioconazole-desthio, the main highly toxic metabolite of prothioconazole, has higher biological activity and endocrine disrupting properties [18,19], and studies have shown that the half-life of prothioconazole-desthio in wheat plants is much longer than that of prothioconazole, with longer residual time [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the Fungicide Prothioconazole and Its Metabolite in Wheat: Residue Behavior and Risk Assessment

Fang,

Yan,

Zhang

et al. 2023

Agronomy

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To clarify the residue formation of prothioconazole and its main metabolite in wheat plants, the uptake, translocation, and metabolism of prothioconazole in wheat roots and leaves were investigated by nutrient solution culture and the spraying method. The results showed that prothioconazole and its metabolites showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing in wheat plants under two treatment methods, and the concentration of prothioconazole and its metabolites was higher in the high-concentration group (5000 μg/mL) than in the low-concentration group (1000 μg/mL). The transferability from stem to leaf was stronger than that from root to stem. In the nutrient solution culture, prothioconazole and its metabolites were mainly enriched in wheat roots. The concentration of prothioconazole in wheat roots increases with the increase in prothioconazole concentration and was significantly higher than the prothioconazole concentration on stems and leaves. In wheat leaves in the spraying method, prothioconazole and its metabolites were conducted from leaves to stems and roots up to the nutrient solution. Prothioconazole-desthio was detectable in wheat nutrient solution, while prothioconazole was not detected. Analysis of actual samples of 9 wheat grains and 28 flours showed that the residues of prothioconazole and its metabolites met the maximum residue limit (0.1 mg/mL) set in China and by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. The results will provide a theoretical basis for the scientific use of prothioconazole and food security assurance.

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Embryonic exposure to prothioconazole induces oxidative stress and apoptosis in zebrafish (Danio rerio) early life stage

Cited by 36 publications

References 42 publications

Quantitative determination of prothioconazole in wheat grain, soybean, and pond water based on a polyclonal antibody

Quantitative determination of prothioconazole in wheat grain, soybean, and pond water based on a polyclonal antibody

Enantioselective Toxic Effects of Prothioconazole toward Scenedesmus obliquus

Insights into the Fungicide Prothioconazole and Its Metabolite in Wheat: Residue Behavior and Risk Assessment

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