Embryonic Development of the Orbit

Abstract

The embryonic and fetal development of the orbit comprises a series of sequential events, starting with the fertilization of the ovum and extending until birth. Most of the publications dealing with orbital morphogenesis describe the sequential development of each germinal layer, the ectoderm with its neuroectoderm derivative and the mesoderm. This approach provides a clear understanding of the mode of development of each layer but does not give the reader a general picture of the structure of the orbit within any specified time frame. In order to enhance our understanding of the developmental anatomy of the orbit, the authors have summarized the recent developments in orbital morphogenesis, a temporally precise and morphogenetically intricate process. Understanding this multidimensional process of development in prenatal life, identifying and linking signaling cascades, as well as the regulatory genes linked to existing diseases, may pave the way for advanced molecular diagnostic testing, developing minimally invasive interventions, and the use of progenitor/stem cell and even regenerative therapy.

A Novel Strategy to Achieve Stable and Lasting Double Eyelids in Upper Blepharoplasty

“…The common incision blepharoplasty depends on the strength of sutures, and it has some characteristics 19 : (1) the upper margin of the tarsus was sutured to the orbicularis oculi muscle; (2) or sutured the levator aponeurosis to the orbicularis oculi muscle. In traditional double-eyelid surgery, the surgeons make use of the force of the stitches to form a double eyelid in the operation.…”

“…[4][5][6] Transillumination is a feature very rarely seen within dermoid cysts and has been utilized as a tool to not only characterize these lesions but differentiate them from a meningocele or encephalocele, which require a different surgical strategy. [2][3][4][7][8][9][10] We present an atypical case of an anterior fontanelle dermoid cyst with transillumination.…”

“…1 To obtain aesthetic appearance of blepharoplasty, previous studies tried to combine blepharoplasty and epicanthoplasty, because the epicanthus can weaken the effect of blepharoplasty. 2,3 Although the double-eyelid surgery has been developing, plastic surgeons still have a hard time dealing with the bad effects of complications double-eyelid surgery triggers, including deep fold or ectropion, shallow fold, low crease, or high crease, etc. On the basis of current clinical operation techniques, certain shortages include relatively rigid folded and distinct scars might still be left.…”

“…1 They arise from the midline within the subgaleal space, usually located within the anterior fontanelle. 2,3 They arise primarily from neuroectoderm entrapped during embryonic closure. 4 These lesions are slow growing, usually diagnosed between birth and the first 5 years of life.…”

“…As we all know, the upper eyelid blepharoplasty is increasingly becoming one of the most popular aesthetic surgeries in Asia 1. To obtain aesthetic appearance of blepharoplasty, previous studies tried to combine blepharoplasty and epicanthoplasty, because the epicanthus can weaken the effect of blepharoplasty 2,3. Although the double-eyelid surgery has been developing, plastic surgeons still have a hard time dealing with the bad effects of complications double-eyelid surgery triggers, including deep fold or ectropion, shallow fold, low crease, or high crease, etc.…”