Embryonic development of the head and neck: Part 2, the branchial region

Abstract

The embryology of the branchial (pharyngeal) region is reviewed in terms of the embryonic pharynx, branchial apparatus and derivatives, tongue, larynx, and trachea. Derivatives of the branchial pouches, grooves (clefts), and arches are analyzed in relation to each other and to the first arch syndrome. Other common head and neck defects attributable to abnormal development of the branchial region are also discussed, particularly those defects involving the incomplete degeneration or the abnormal migration of branchial tissues.

Multiple Branchial Cleft-Like Cysts in a Female Patient with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis.

“…Some investigators speculate that branchial cleft cysts are the origin of multiple branchial cleft-like cysts, based on their histopathological similarities [4,5]. Branchial cleft cysts, which are characterized by swelling in the upper third of the lateral neck anterior to the ster-nocleidomastoid muscle [4], have also been reported to be located at unusual sites, such as oral cavity, parotid gland, and pancreas [6][7][8] .…”

Diagnosis of laryngeal dysplasia in five horses using magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography

“…In man, the fourth and sixth branchial arches contribute to the development of the laryngeal cartilages, intrinsic laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles (Wilson 1979;Hester et al 1994;Mandell 2000). Malformations of the laryngeal cartilages have been reported in horses and are suspected to originate from errors in development of the fourth branchial arch (Cook 1974;Goulden et al 1976;Kannegieter et al 1986;Wilson et al 1986;Deegen and Klein 1987;Klein et al 1989;Dixon et al 1993;Crabill et al 1994;Lane 2001Lane , 2007, although the sixth branchial arch may also be abnormal.…”

Multiple Irritation Fibromas After Dorsum Linguae Biopsy

“…In the development of the tongue, the anterior two-thirds (body of the tongue) is produced by 2 lateral lingual swellings and tuberculum impar and the root of the tongue is produced by copula. 12 Thus, the middle of the posterior of the dorsum is the position where developmental processes merge with each other. After reviewing our past cases, we found several cases of similar reactions after biopsy in the same …”