Embryology of the ophthalmic artery

Abstract

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Basilar artery origin of an orbital artery – A rare variant and review of the embryology of the orbital arterial supply

“…We discuss the embryology of the ophthalmic artery and discuss the differing views of Padget and Lasjaunias and how this case may help to resolve the on-going controversy. 6,7…”

Anomalous origin of the middle meningeal artery from the inferolateral trunk with an arterial circle around a hypoplastic internal carotid artery in an infant with a dural arteriovenous fistula

“…13 Recent reports, however, disprove this interpretation and consider both PrDOA and PrVOA to be intradural branches of ICA that enters the orbit through the optic canal and related the cavernous origin of the OA to the deep recurrent OA, a branch of the ILT. [5][6][7]11,14 A key finding in the presented case is the segmental hypoplasia of the ICA between the origins of ILT and OA. Lasjaunias and Santoyo-Vazquez divided the ICA into six independent segments, each corresponding to the origin of a specific embryonic artery.…”

“…This distinction is also based on embryological considerations due to the different origins of these vessels, as the primitive OA develops from the primitive dorsal ophthalmic artery (PrDOA) and primitive ventral ophthalmic artery (PrVOA), whereas the primitive orbital artery develops from a different embryonic vessel named the stapedial artery. [4][5][6][7][8] The stapedial artery develops around the fifth week from the hyoid artery, which in turn is a remnant of the second aortic arch. It passes between the crura of the stapes (hence the name), and then divides into a supraorbital division and a maxillofacial division.…”

“…Around the 20 mm embryonic stage, the branches of the supraorbital division of the stapedial artery begin to anastomose with and later become assimilated by the developing primitive OA to supply the orbital non-bulbar structures. 7,11 The proximal segment of this division then regresses and becomes the recurrent meningeal branch of the lacrimal artery, an anastomosis between the OA and the MMA. 6 Being a common precursor of both the MMA and the orbital branches of the OA, variations in the development of this embryonic vessels explain the not uncommon origin of the MMA from the OA or vice versa.…”

Segmental vulnerability and vascular neurocristopathy of the internal carotid artery

“…In consideration of the updated embryology of the ophthalmic artery, the ophthalmic artery at C3 portion origin must be the final form of the primitive ophthalmic artery composed of the primitive ventral and dorsal ophthalmic arteries. 4,5 Thus, Figure 1(a) can be redrawn as Figure 1(b). Phylogenetically, the origin of the ophthalmic artery is variable, i.e., it can originate from C3 portion (human, Tupaia, Aotus, and Saguinus), C2 to IC terminal origin (lemur and loris), and A1 of the anterior cerebral artery (most mammals, for example, dog).…”