Embryogenesis and organogenesis of Carausius morosus under spaceflight conditions

Bücker, H.; Facius, R.; Horneck, G.; Reitz, Guenther; Graul, E.H.; Berger, Hanna; Höffken, H.; Rüther, W.; Heinrich, W.; Beaujean, R.; Enge, W.

doi:10.1016/0273-1177(86)90074-8

Cited by 66 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…DDR is a complex pathway addressed to maintain genome integrity through the activation of proteins involved in sensing, signaling, and transducing the DNA damage signal to effector proteins of cell cycle progression/arrest, DNA repair and apoptosis [21]. While several studies reported additive/synergistic interactions of radiation and microgravity in different biological systems [22]–[26], other studies did not report such interactions [27]–[29]. In particular, the repair of radiation-induced DNA damage seems to be unaffected by microgravity in bacteria and human fibroblasts [30], [31] and in yeast [32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of miRNA and mRNA Expression Profiles Highlights Alterations in Ionizing Radiation Response of Human Lymphocytes under Modeled Microgravity

et al. 2012

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BackgroundIonizing radiation (IR) can be extremely harmful for human cells since an improper DNA-damage response (DDR) to IR can contribute to carcinogenesis initiation. Perturbations in DDR pathway can originate from alteration in the functionality of the microRNA-mediated gene regulation, being microRNAs (miRNAs) small noncoding RNA that act as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. In this study we gained insight into the role of miRNAs in the regulation of DDR to IR under microgravity, a condition of weightlessness experienced by astronauts during space missions, which could have a synergistic action on cells, increasing the risk of radiation exposure.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe analyzed miRNA expression profile of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) incubated for 4 and 24 h in normal gravity (1 g) and in modeled microgravity (MMG) during the repair time after irradiation with 0.2 and 2Gy of γ-rays. Our results show that MMG alters miRNA expression signature of irradiated PBL by decreasing the number of radio-responsive miRNAs. Moreover, let-7i*, miR-7, miR-7-1*, miR-27a, miR-144, miR-200a, miR-598, miR-650 are deregulated by the combined action of radiation and MMG. Integrated analyses of miRNA and mRNA expression profiles, carried out on PBL of the same donors, identified significant miRNA-mRNA anti-correlations of DDR pathway. Gene Ontology analysis reports that the biological category of “Response to DNA damage” is enriched when PBL are incubated in 1 g but not in MMG. Moreover, some anti-correlated genes of p53-pathway show a different expression level between 1 g and MMG. Functional validation assays using luciferase reporter constructs confirmed miRNA-mRNA interactions derived from target prediction analyses.Conclusions/SignificanceOn the whole, by integrating the transcriptome and microRNome, we provide evidence that modeled microgravity can affects the DNA-damage response to IR in human PBL.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of miRNA and mRNA Expression Profiles Highlights Alterations in Ionizing Radiation Response of Human Lymphocytes under Modeled Microgravity

et al. 2012

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“…Abnormal differentiation was observed more frequently in one kind of insect, Carausius morosus, under microgravity conditions than when subjected to one gravity force generated by a centrifuge in space (Bucker et al, 1986). Recessive lethal mutations were induced by space radiation at low, supposedly noneffective doses in the progeny of fruit flies taken into space (Ikenaga, et al, 1997).…”

Section: Biological Effects Of Space Radiationmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Biological Effects of Space Radiation during Long Stays in Space

Ohnishi

2004

Biol. Sci. Space

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Many space experiments are scheduled for the International Space Station (ISS). Completion of the ISS will soon become a reality. Astronauts will be exposed to low-level background components from space radiation including heavy ions and other high-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation. For long-term stay in space, we have to protect human health from space radiation. At the same time, we should recognize the maximum permissible doses of space radiation. In recent years, physical monitoring of space radiation has detected about 1 mSv per day. This value is almost 150 times higher than that on the surface of the Earth. However, the direct effects of space radiation on human health are currently unknown. Therefore, it is important to measure biological dosimetry to calculate relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for human health during long-term flight. The RBE is possibly modified by microgravity. In order to understand the exact RBE and any interaction with microgravity, the ISS centrifugation system will be a critical tool, and it is hoped that this system will be in operation as soon as possible. Key words; space, space radiation, biological effect, high-LET, ISSCharacteristics of space and the composition of space radiation F o r s e v e r a l y e a r s , h u m a n b e i n g s h a v e b e e n residing for long periods in the ISS where many space experiments are scheduled to be performed. In addition, there are proposals for human to travel to Mars. Important characteristics of the environment in space are the presence of microgravity and space radiation. Radiation present in the space environment contains many components including low dose radiation, low dose-rate radiation, and high-LET particles (Table 1). The space environment produces microgravity-and/or space radiation-induced physiological changes in the human body (e.g. calcium release from bone into the urine, loss of muscular power, body fluid shifts, space or airsickness, reduced immunoreactivity and eye flashes).During a long-term stay in space, astronauts will be constantly exposed to space radiation which contains various types of low dose-rate radiation. Space radiation consists of galactic cosmic rays, solar particles and geomagnetically trapped particles (Table 2). A characteristic of galactic cosmic rays is their containing high energy particles with energies over 10 GeV: protons (90%), α-particles (9%) and heavy particles (1%). The origin of galactic cosmic rays is considered to be the explosion of supernovas. Solar particles are primarily protons and electrons with several percent of Review Received: January 4, 2005 Address for correspondence: Dr. Takeo Ohnishi Department of Biology, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Shijo-cho 840, Kashihara, Nara 634-8521, Japan. E-mail; tohnishi@naramed-u.ac.jp the radiation being composed of α-particles and heavy particles. The sun changes its level of activity during an 11-year-cycle. Solar flares and solar winds, indicators of solar activity, emit large quantities of charged partic...

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“…In experiments with the whole body of Drosophila melanogaster (Inoguchi and Ikenaga, 2000) and the eggs of Carasius morosus (Bucker et al, 1986), synergistic effects of radiation and microgravity on the incidence of mutation were reported, but such a phenomenon was not seen in experiments with human, mouse or hamster cell lines . Therefore, to assess this contradiction, experiments will be done using the 2-day old eggs after resumption of embryogenesis (the stage that is the most sensitive to radiation) to compare µG to 1G exposures using the 1G compartment on the ISS.…”

Section: Our Goal For the Space Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To d a t e , s e v e r a l k i n d s o f organisms have been analyzed by loading them into flights of the space shuttle; these provide relatively short exposures to cosmic radiation due to short flight times. Experiments using insects have shown the effects of cosmic radiation and microgravity on the larvae of Drosophila melanogaster (Inoguchi and Ikenaga, 2000), and embryos of Carasius morosus (Bucker et al, 1986). These experiments showed that a high frequency of mutation occurred in flight samples when compared with controls maintained on earth, and also suggested that there is a synergistic interaction of high energy heavy (HZE) particle hits and microgravity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introduction to The Proposed Space Experiments Aboard The ISS Using The Silkworm, Bombyx mori

Furusawa

Nojima²,

Ichida

et al. 2009

Biol. Sci. Space

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The authors have a plan to examine the biological effects of cosmic rays by loading the eggs of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, in the International Space Station (ISS) for 3 months. In advance of the project, several ground experiments have been performed. In order to investigate the biological effects of radiation, heavy ion particles were used instead of cosmic rays. Heterozygous eggs of the black-striped strain (p S /p) were irradiated with Carbon (C), Neon (Ne) or Ferrous (Fe) ion particles. At the fifth instar stage, larvae that hatched from these eggs showed white spots on their backs against the black or dark brown of their integument. These are somatic mutations which seem to be caused by the effects of radiation on the p S gene. The incidence of this somatic mutation increased in proportion to dose and linear energy transfer of C and Ne ion particles, and it was higher after resumption of embryogenesis in eggs that had been irradiated after diapause termination as compared with eggs irradiated while still in diapause. Irradiation by more than 0.04 Gy of Fe ion particles to diapause-terminated eggs induced a significant incidence of somatic mutation compared with controls (P < 0.05). Furthermore, radiation effects were also detected at the next generation as detected by egg color mutations by using the specific locus method. In experiments investigating the effects of microgravity on silkworm embryogenesis in the US Space Shuttle/Atlantis (STS-84) in 1997, we had observed that microgravity could influence embryonic reversal, presumably resulting in abnormal development of embryos. On the basis of the results from STS-84 flight and the above mentioned ground experiments, the authors will examine the interrelationship between the dose of cosmic rays and the incidence of somatic mutation, as well as confirm and extend the analysis of synergistic effects between cosmic rays and microgravity on mutation rates in experiments conducted using the ISS. These data will provide fundamental information on the effects of cosmic rays on biological systems that can then be applied to better protect humans against cosmic radiation during space flight.

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Embryogenesis and organogenesis of Carausius morosus under spaceflight conditions

Cited by 66 publications

References 8 publications

Analysis of miRNA and mRNA Expression Profiles Highlights Alterations in Ionizing Radiation Response of Human Lymphocytes under Modeled Microgravity

Analysis of miRNA and mRNA Expression Profiles Highlights Alterations in Ionizing Radiation Response of Human Lymphocytes under Modeled Microgravity

The Biological Effects of Space Radiation during Long Stays in Space

Introduction to The Proposed Space Experiments Aboard The ISS Using The Silkworm, Bombyx mori

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