Women and professional ambitions in Northern Europe, c. 1650-1850Europe of the 1650s was very different from Europe of the 1850s. In the mid-seventeenth century, Western Europe east of the Channel, only just recovering from the Thirty Years' War, witnessed the rise of the aristocracy and the Absolutist State. In the mid-nineteenth century, Western Europe witnessed the end of the revolutionary era, the expansion of educated middle classes and the triumph of moneyed bourgeoisie, while in Eastern Europe the old order counterchecked the new one.After half a century of substantial scholarly work focusing on women's history, we now know a great deal about what all this political, social and economic change indicated for women in different social conditions and settings. Recent scholarship has significantly enhanced our understanding of women's daily life, work and occupations in the early modern and modern eras. 1 Women's work was fundamental on all levels of the society: for women as individuals, for their families and communities and from the micro economy to the macro economy. Intensive research activity concerning economically active women has convincingly shown that despite all statutes, laws and established privileges that restricted or prohibited women's access to several trades, women found numerous ways to circumvent them. No doubt there were men in whose interests it was to facilitate this in order to make business run more smoothly.Moreover, the very concepts of work and occupation have been thoroughly re-read, and scholars have questioned work as solely a source of income, discussing instead different conceptualizations of work and labour held by both contemporaries and scholars. Research on various verbal and