Embodied energy comparison of surface water and groundwater supply options

Mo, Weiwei; Zhang, Qiong; Mihelcic, James R.; Hokanson, David R.

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.016

Cited by 71 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The primary energy factors were specifically adjusted for Florida following the method provided by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA, 1995), and are provided in Table 2. The embodied energy intensities for the construction and operation of the whole WWTP, the construction of CHP systems ( 3 1 ), heat drying systems ( 3 4 ), and reclaimed water pipeline systems ( 3 7 ), and for recovered nutrient ( 3 6 ) were calculated using Equations (2) and (3) based on a hybrid inputeoutput method (Mo et al, 2010(Mo et al, , 2011. A commodity-by-commodity inputeoutput table containing 424 sectors derived from the 2002 make table and use table provided by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA, 2011) was used in this study.…”

Section: ) Embodied Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

Can municipal wastewater treatment systems be carbon neutral?

Zhang

2012

Journal of Environmental Management

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Section: ) Embodied Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

Can municipal wastewater treatment systems be carbon neutral?

Zhang

2012

Journal of Environmental Management

Self Cite

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“…LCA has been widely used to evaluate the system performances of water and wastewater technologies. For example, LCA studies have addressed specific aspects of conventional centralized drinking or wastewater systems, i.e., various options for drinking water supply systems [18][19][20][21], centralized and decentralized wastewater treatment [22][23][24], stormwater management strategies [25], or entire water and wastewater service systems [26]. Several recent review articles summarized the LCA developments in the water management area and emphasized the continuing research needs [24,26,27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing the Life Cycle Energy Consumption, Global Warming and Eutrophication Potentials of Several Water and Waste Service Options

Xue

Hawkins²,

Schoen³

et al. 2016

Water

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Abstract:Managing the water-energy-nutrient nexus for the built environment requires, in part, a full system analysis of energy consumption, global warming and eutrophication potentials of municipal water services. As an example, we evaluated the life cycle energy use, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and aqueous nutrient releases of the whole anthropogenic municipal water cycle starting from raw water extraction to wastewater treatment and reuse/discharge for five municipal water and wastewater systems. The assessed options included conventional centralized services and four alternative options following the principles of source-separation and water fit-for-purpose. The comparative life cycle assessment identified that centralized drinking water supply coupled with blackwater energy recovery and on-site greywater treatment and reuse was the most energyand carbon-efficient water service system evaluated, while the conventional (drinking water and sewerage) centralized system ranked as the most energy-and carbon-intensive system. The electricity generated from blackwater and food residuals co-digestion was estimated to offset at least 40% of life cycle energy consumption for water/waste services. The dry composting toilet option demonstrated the lowest life cycle eutrophication potential. The nutrients in wastewater effluent are the dominating contributors for the eutrophication potential for the assessed system configurations. Among the parameters for which variability and sensitivity were evaluated, the carbon intensity of the local electricity grid and the efficiency of electricity production by the co-digestion with the energy recovery process were the most important for determining the relative global warming potential results.

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“…To provide one cubic meter of water, the embodied energy is 2-3 MJ for surface water, 3-17 MJ for recycled water (consisting of 1.4-1.8 MJ consumption in wastewater treatment plants), 24-42 MJ for desalinated water, and 5-18 MJ for imported water [36,37]. The wide ranges of quantifications in different studies are caused by factors such as research boundaries, energy mixes, and technology adoptions.…”

Section: Energy Consumption Of Water Supply and Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying the Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Current Status and Trends

et al. 2016

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Water, energy, and food are lifelines for modern societies. The continuously rising world population, growing desires for higher living standards, and inextricable links among the three sectors make the water-energy-food (WEF) nexus a vibrant research pursuit. For the integrated delivery of WEF systems, quantifying WEF connections helps understand synergies and trade-offs across the water, energy, and food sectors, and thus is a critical initial step toward integrated WEF nexus modeling and management. However, current WEF interconnection quantifications encounter methodological hurdles. Also, existing calculation results are scattered across a wide collection of studies in multiple disciplines, which increases data collection and interpretation difficulties. To advance robust WEF nexus quantifications and further contribute to integrated WEF systems modeling and management, this study: (i) summarizes the estimate results to date on WEF interconnections; (ii) analyzes methodological and practical challenges associated with WEF interconnection calculations; and (iii) points out opportunities for enabling robust WEF nexus quantifications in the future.

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Embodied energy comparison of surface water and groundwater supply options

Cited by 71 publications

References 18 publications

Can municipal wastewater treatment systems be carbon neutral?

Can municipal wastewater treatment systems be carbon neutral?

Comparing the Life Cycle Energy Consumption, Global Warming and Eutrophication Potentials of Several Water and Waste Service Options

Quantifying the Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Current Status and Trends

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