Embodied Carbon: The Concealed Impact of Residential Construction

Hammond, Geoffrey P.; Jones, Craig I.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1017-2_23

Cited by 39 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The paper by McGrath et al could be seen to challenge Boardman et al (2005) and Hammond and Jones (2008) who proposed rebuild rather than retrofit for our worst performing houses. I urge you to read this paper and see what conclusions you draw from an interesting piece of research.…”

mentioning

confidence: 86%

Editorial

Essex¹

2013

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering

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mentioning

confidence: 86%

Editorial

Essex¹

2013

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering

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“…For instance, a cradle-to-gate system boundary covers energy and non-energy inputs from the raw material extraction stage through a stage when a manufactured product leaves the factory gate. A cradle-tograve system boundary, on the other hand, covers inputs from the stage of material extraction through the stage when a manufactured material returns to nature after its manufacturing, delivery, use and disposal (Dixit et al, 2013;Frey, 2008;Hammond & Jones, 2010). The completeness of an embodied energy calculation depends on the system boundary covered (Copiello, 2016;Dixit, 2015).…”

Section: Embodied Energy Of Buildingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Embodied energy and cost of building materials: correlation analysis

Dixit

2016

Building Research & Information

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The US building sector consumes 48% of the nation's annual energy as operating and embodied energy. Calculating embodied energy is difficult, complex and more resource-consuming than calculating operating energy due to a lack of complete, accurate and specific embodied energy data. One commonly used method to calculate embodied energy is input-output-based (IO) analysis, which utilizes economic data. The use of economic data indicates some relationship between embodied energy and cost. Some studies have investigated whether the embodied energy of a building can be predicted from its cost. These studies analyzed the relationship of the cost and embodied energy of a building and found a strong, positive correlation. However, when analyzed at the material level, the correlation weakened. This paper develops an improved input-output-based hybrid (IOH) model to calculate the complete, accurate and material-specific embodied energy of 21 commonly used building materials. After calculating and evaluating the embodied energy, the correlation of the embodied energy and cost of materials was analyzed. The results demonstrate a very strong and positive correlation between embodied energy and cost. In conclusion, more research may be required to predict embodied energy from cost data.

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“…A great deal of effort has been made in previous studies to investigate the cradle to gate embodied carbon of building materials and develop embodied carbon inventories for use in evaluating the carbon footprint of buildings [122,123]. Examples of such efforts include studies conducted by Hammond and Jones [24,25] as a part of the Carbon Vision Buildings Program at the University of Bath, England, which led to the development of a comprehensive inventory of the embodied carbon of building materials, which has since been used in several studies.…”

Section: Cradle To Gate Embodied Carbon Of Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the transport requirements may vary considerably from one manufacturer to another depending on the location of the processing sites, location of material quarries and suppliers, and layout of the facilities, leading to considerably different transport-related carbon emissions for different manufacturers. With this in mind, in the literature the emphasis is generally placed on using local carbon inventories or, when possible, modifying the data provided by inventories to reflect actual manufacturing conditions [24,122].…”

Section: Cradle To Gate Embodied Carbon Of Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation and Minimization of Embodied Carbon of Buildings: A Review

2017

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Building and construction is responsible for up to 30% of annual global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, commonly reported in carbon equivalent unit. Carbon emissions are incurred in all stages of a building's life cycle and are generally categorised into operating carbon and embodied carbon, each making varying contributions to the life cycle carbon depending on the building's characteristics. With recent advances in reducing the operating carbon of buildings, the available literature indicates a clear shift in attention towards investigating strategies to minimize embodied carbon. However, minimizing the embodied carbon of buildings is challenging and requires evaluating the effects of embodied carbon reduction strategies on the emissions incurred in different life cycle phases, as well as the operating carbon of the building. In this paper, the available literature on strategies for reducing the embodied carbon of buildings, as well as methods for estimating the embodied carbon of buildings, is reviewed and the strengths and weaknesses of each method are highlighted.

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Embodied Carbon: The Concealed Impact of Residential Construction

Cited by 39 publications

References 4 publications

Editorial

Editorial

Embodied energy and cost of building materials: correlation analysis

Estimation and Minimization of Embodied Carbon of Buildings: A Review

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