EM Training of Hidden Markov Models for Shape Recognition Using Cyclic Strings

Palazón-González, Vicente; Marzal, Andrés; Vilar, Juan Miguel

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-42051-1_40

Cited by 1 publication

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“…In general, cell adhesion is mediated through surface receptors interacting with specific ligands presented on surfaces (24–26). Integrin ligands have been previously shown to play an important role in leukocyte adhesion and migration (27–29). Additionally, the ligand density on the surface affects adhesion and migration of neutrophils (28, 30).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Adhesion and Substrate Elasticity on Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation

et al. 2019

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Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cells. Upon stimulation, they are able to decondense and release their chromatin as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). This process (NETosis) is part of immune defense mechanisms but also plays an important role in many chronic and inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, and cancer. For this reason, much effort has been invested into understanding biochemical signaling pathways in NETosis. However, the impact of the mechanical micro-environment and adhesion on NETosis is not well-understood. Here, we studied how adhesion and especially substrate elasticity affect NETosis. We employed polyacrylamide (PAA) gels with distinctly defined elasticities (Young's modulus E) within the physiologically relevant range from 1 to 128 kPa and coated the gels with integrin ligands (collagen I, fibrinogen). Neutrophils were cultured on these substrates and stimulated with potent inducers of NETosis: phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Interestingly, PMA-induced NETosis was neither affected by substrate elasticity nor by different integrin ligands. In contrast, for LPS stimulation, NETosis rates increased with increasing substrate elasticity (E > 20 kPa). LPS-induced NETosis increased with increasing cell contact area, while PMA-induced NETosis did not require adhesion at all. Furthermore, inhibition of phosphatidylinositide 3 kinase (PI3K), which is involved in adhesion signaling, completely abolished LPS-induced NETosis but only slightly decreased PMA-induced NETosis. In summary, we show that LPS-induced NETosis depends on adhesion and substrate elasticity while PMA-induced NETosis is completely independent of adhesion.

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