“…To protect the enclosed antennas against adverse external environments (wind, rain, snow, and solar radiation) [4] and prevent long-term damage, GNSS antennas, particularly those employed on the fixed terrestrial applications, are usually equipped with dielectric radomes [5]. The effects of the radome on the enclosed antenna system are considerably complicated such as gain loss, boresight error, an increase in the sidelobe level, and distortion of the power pattern [6,7], which are not negligible in many cases, in particular as far as high-precision applications are concerned including ground monitoring stations, geodetic mapping, seismic monitoring, and bridge deformation monitoring. Therefore, minimizing the EM performance degradation is the primary task in the design of a radome [8,9].…”