Elusive Presence of Chloride in Mixed Halide Perovskite Solar Cells

Colella, Silvia; Mosconi, Edoardo; Pellegrino, Giovanna; Alberti, Alessandra; Guerra, Valentino L. P.; Masi, Sofia; Listorti, Andrea; Rizzo, Aurora; Condorelli, Guglielmo G.; Angelis, Filippo De; Gigli, Giuseppe

doi:10.1021/jz501869f

Cited by 182 publications

(221 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(62 reference statements)

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“…[142] Additionally, they also suggested that the Cl − preferentially located at the interface of TiO 2 and PVSK. [143] In line with this discovery, recent reports also confirmed the inhomogeneous distribution of Cl − . [144][145][146][147] Combining hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with fluorescence yield X-ray absorption spectroscopy, Starr [147] obtained a distribution map of Cl − .…”

Section: Cl/i Mixed Pvsksupporting

confidence: 56%

The Emergence of the Mixed Perovskites and Their Applications as Solar Cells

Xiao

Liü

Zhang

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

126

105

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The halide perovskite (PVSK) materials (with ABX3 formulation) have emerged as “dream materials” for photovoltaic (PV) applications due to their remarkable physical properties such as high optical absorption coefficient, carrier mobility, long carrier diffusion lengths, etc. These properties have enabled the PV devices to reach higher than 20% power conversion efficiencies (PCE) in record time. The further pursuit of higher PCE and improved stability brings forth increasing interests in so‐called “mixed composition” PVSK materials, consisting of partial substitution of the A, B, and/or X‐sites with alternative elements/molecules of similar size. Herein, we highlight the recent advances in developing mixed PVSK for PVs and their relevant optoelectronic properties. We mainly focus on mixed PVSK materials in the form of polycrystalline thin films, but also discuss nanostructured and two‐dimensional (2D) PVSK materials due to the increasing interest of broad readership. Efforts are exerted to elucidate the design principles of mixed PVSK and fabrication techniques for high performance optoelectronic devices, which help deepen our fundamental understanding of mixed PVSK systems. We hope this review will shed light onto the design and synthesis of mixed PVSK materials to further the progress of PVSK photovoltaics towards higher efficiencies and longer lifetimes.

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Section: Cl/i Mixed Pvsksupporting

confidence: 56%

The Emergence of the Mixed Perovskites and Their Applications as Solar Cells

Xiao

Liü

Zhang

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

126

105

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“…[11,[60][61][62] Yet the exact role chloride actually plays has been rather puzzling: while earlier reports suggested doping effects [63] that could explain the longer charge carrier diffusion lengths, finding chloride in the final perovskite films has been rather challenging. [11,62,64,65] Chloride seems to have mainly an effect on the crystal growth, as was suspected previously, [11,63] and it has since been shown that it is released together with excess MA during film annealing, or, in general, that it can facilitate the release of excess organic compounds. [62,66] Binek et al [67] showed that MAPbCl 3 crystallizes directly after the deposition of the starting solution, thus acting as a template for the formation of the desired iodide-based perovskite via a slow halide exchange from the iodide-rich environment.…”

Section: Role Of Chloride Ionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Capturing the Sun: A Review of the Challenges and Perspectives of Perovskite Solar Cells

Petrus

Schlipf

Cheng

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

312

201

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following statement: These materials can be processed from solution and yet exhibit optoelectronic materials properties described in classic solid-state physics textbooks. This unprecedented combination has led to photovoltaic devices that can be processed at room temperature and achieve performance levels similar to industry giant polycrystalline silicon, from a starting point of 3.8% in 2009. [1][2][3][4] The first light-emitting electrochemical cells [5] and diodes [6][7][8] have also been introduced recently, leading to tunable light emission spectra and internal quantum efficiencies exceeding 15%.The road towards these achievements has been marked by a constant improvement of perovskite deposition techniques fueled by our increasing understanding of the crystallization processes. The choice of deposition technique, either from solution or vapor, and the composition and order in which precursor species are applied has a great influence on the crystallization kinetics. Here, one can distinguish one-step methods where the perovskite is formed from a precursor mixture dissolved in a common solution, and two-step methods where the inorganic compound is deposited first and transformed to the perovskite phase later by addition of the organic constituents. [9][10][11] Furthermore, many parameters during processing can have an effect on the crystallization mechanism and consequently on film morphology, such as the choice of solvents, concentrations and processing additives that are often not incorporated into the final product. [11][12][13] We discuss this aspect in Section 2, where we focus our attention on the most commonly employed solution-based techniques. Additionally, as for any new technology trying to displace an incumbent technology, higher efficiencies, lower costs, reproducibility, stability, and sustainability are paramount. In particular, reproducibility has been a major challenge in perovskite solar cells from the beginning: small variations in morphology, like crystal size, film roughness, and pinholes can have detrimental effects on photovoltaic performance. [14] On the other hand, current-voltage measurements often showed a hysteresis that is rarely seen in other photovoltaic technologies. [15] These topics are highlighted in Sections 3 and 4. Finally, in Section 5 we discuss the framework for market introduction, such as cost reduction by choosing low-cost charge transport layers, or how the lifetime of perovskite absorbers can be extended by the choice of materials composition.Hybrid metal halide perovskites have become one of the hottest topics in optoelectronic materials research in recent years. Not only have they surpassed everyone's expectations and achieved similar performance as tried and true polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic devices, but they are also finding applications in a variety of different fields, including lighting. The main advantages of hybrid metal halide perovskites are simple processability, compatible with large-scale solution processing such as roll-to-roll printing, a...

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“…Therefore huge efforts have been devoted to the optimization of morphology and processing conditions, in particular by controlling the interactions of the material precursors in solution or with the substrate. [21][22][23][24][25] A further constraint factor in the spin-coated devices is that the number of layers allowed are limited by their solubility in orthogonal solvents. The fabrication of heterostructured devices may open ways to increase the number of layers allowing to decouple transport from optical characteristics, thus increasing the overall performances of the device, as already shown in small molecules based Organic LEDs (OLEDs).…”

Section: Doi: 101002/aelm201500325mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is well known in fact that mixed halide perovskites in which chloride atoms are present as doping agents are usually characterized by higher radiative deactivation yields. [ 7,21,34,37 ] Therefore, the future exploitation of such material could lead to vapor-processed Pero-LED with improved performances. Differently from OLEDs with standard molecular dyes, vapor-deposited Pero-LEDs do not exhibit any roll-off behavior also with a large density of injected carriers: radiative bi-molecular recombination becomes dominant over nonradiative recombination processes after the defects (shallow traps) are fi lled.…”

Section: Wileyonlinelibrarycommentioning

confidence: 99%