Elucidation of the genetic differences in Trialeurodes vaporariorum populations under vegetable greenhouse conditions by using the allozyme approach

Abstract

Genetic differentiation of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood 1856) populations was examined using biochemical and allozyme analysis. For biochemical analysis, general esterase and glutathion-S-transferase were tested. Allozyme genetic variability in 11 populations of T. vaporariorum was investigated using five loci from four enzyme systems. Although there are large variations between populations, T. vaporariorum is grouped into two populations with geographic barriers, based on Nei's genetic distance in the Baekdudaegan Mountains. Within these two groups, low migration and linkage disequilibrium reveal that populations tend to be influenced by gene drift rather than uniform selection pressures. The effect of genetic drift is greater than the effect of uniform selection by insecticides or host plant resistance, which is suggested by the FST estimates in this study. Based on this basic research, more effective whitefly control programs could be built in the future.

Genetic variation of the greenhouse whitefly,Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), among populations from Serbia and neighbouring countries, as inferred fromCOIsequence variability

“…The notably low level of mtDNA variation that was found in the analysis of the COI mtDNA marker, as documented in this study for the southeast European T. vaporariorum populations and for the Indian populations (Roopa et al , 2012), contrasts with the rather high biochemical and allozyme variations that were reported among Korean populations (Shin et al , 2013). The observed high variation in nuclear loci and low variation in mtDNA may be due to the small size of the founding populations, where genetic drift has had insufficient time to reduce the variation at the nuclear loci and the populations were successively expanded with a few founder females that were established in new geographic areas.…”

“…A particular problem associated with the invasion of T. vaporariorum is that excessive use of insecticides has led to the development of high resistance to different insecticide classes (Omer et al , 1992, 1993; Gorman et al , 2007, 2010; Karatolos et al , 2010; Shin et al , 2013). In Serbia, however, populations from different regions have been observed to vary in their levels of susceptibility to certain active ingredients (Prijovic et al , 2012).…”

Genetic Diversity, Population Structure and Species Delimitation of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (greenhouse whitefly)

“…Neutrality tests based on Tajima’s D statistic indicated low levels of genetic diversity across the global populations (Table 3). Our findings are comparable to previous genetic and population diversity studies of T. vaporariorum, indicating low genetic diversity (Roopa et al, 2012, Shin et al, 2013, Kapantaidaki et al, 2014, Prijović et al, 2014). Low genetic diversity within T. vaporariorum indicates recent population expansion and colonization into the regions.…”

Effect of environmental factors on the flight activity ofTrialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood) under greenhouse conditions

“…In this regard, recent genetic studies show that T. vaporariorum populations are generally isolated in terms of greenhouse cultivation and active migration is generally low in contrast to the passive migration produced by the exchange of infected material (Shin et al . ).…”

“…The distinction between the types of flight in the current study is a direct result of counting the number of flights observed and does not provide a direct indication of the migratory ability of the species. In this regard, recent genetic studies show that T. vaporariorum populations are generally isolated in terms of greenhouse cultivation and active migration is generally low in contrast to the passive migration produced by the exchange of infected material (Shin et al 2013).…”