“…2c), the peaks at 250, 676, and 972 cm −1 are attributed to the Nb–O–Nb, Nb–O, and NbO bonds, respectively. 33,34 And the Raman shifts located at 1353 and 1575 cm −1 match the D and G bands of carbon, respectively. 35,36 However, the dosage of RuCl 3 · x H 2 O and the soaking time of Nb 2 O 5 -pre in it do not have a significant impact on the HER activity, indicating that Ru 3+ easily interacts with the Nb 2 O 5 support (Fig.…”