Elucidating the Relationship Between Diabetes Mellitus and Parkinson’s Disease Using 18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ, a Positron-Emission Tomography Probe for Vesicular Monoamine Transporter 2

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) have been and will continue to be two common chronic diseases globally that are difficult to diagnose during the prodromal phase. Current molecular genetics, cell biological, and epidemiological evidences have shown the correlation between PD and DM. PD shares the same pathogenesis pathways and pathological factors with DM. In addition, β-cell reduction, which can cause hyperglycemia, is a striking feature of DM. Recent studies indicated that hyperglycemia is highly relevant to the pathologic changes in PD. However, further correlation between DM and PD remains to be investigated. Intriguingly, polycystic monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), which is co-expressed in dopaminergic neurons and β cells, is responsible for taking up dopamine into the presynaptic vesicles and can specifically bind to the β cells. Furthermore, we have summarized the specific molecular and diagnostic functions of VMAT2 for the two diseases reported in this review. Therefore, VMAT2 can be applied as a target probe for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to detect β-cell and dopamine level changes, which can contribute to the diagnosis of DM and PD during the prodromal phase. Targeting VMAT2 with the molecular probe 18 F-FP-(+)-DTBZ can be an entry point for the β cell mass (BCM) changes in DM at the molecular level, to clarify the potential relationship between DM and PD. VMAT2 has promising clinical significance in investigating the pathogenesis, early diagnosis, and treatment evaluation of the two diseases.

Application of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in diabetic foot ulcers: A meta‐analysis

“…Screening was performed by two researchers who independently read all of the titles, abstracts and body text of each document; disagreements were resolved through discussion, and if agreement still could not be reached, a third researcher made the judgement. The inclusion criteria for this study were (1) published RCTs of HBOT applied to DFUs; (2) the study subjects were patients with DFUs who met the WHO diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus, regardless of the type of diabetes mellitus, gender, age and ethnicity; (3) the intervention was HBOT, and conventional treatment was used in the control group; and (4) the primary outcome metrics were the rate of complete healing of ulcers, and the secondary outcome metrics were the rate of amputation, the incidence of adverse event rate and mortality rate. Exclusion criteria: (1) repetitive publications or repetitive cases; (2) reviews, meta-analyses, conference abstracts, case reports and studies of animal testing; (3) studies with incomplete or unavailable full-text data.…”

“…Diabetes mellitus is a common chronic clinical disease, now classified as type I and type II diabetes, and its incidence is increasing year by year 1 . Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is one of the common serious complications in diabetic patients 2 .…”

“…Diabetes mellitus is a common chronic clinical disease, now classified as type I and type II diabetes, and its incidence is increasing year by year. 1 Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is one of the common serious complications in diabetic patients. 2 The pathogenesis of diabetic foot is still unclear, and the existing theory is that the patient is in a long‐term hyperglycemic state, the formation of thrombus after lower limb vascular sclerosis, the occlusion of lower limb blood vessels, resulting in local ischemia and hypoxia, peripheral nerve trophic disorder and infection of the lower limbs, ulcer formation, and the three interact with each other and influence each other.…”

Alpha synuclein post translational modifications: potential targets for Parkinson’s disease therapy?

“…Interestingly, antidiabetic drugs have been suggested to exert a neuroprotective role both in PD models and in patients (Konig et al, 2018;Iravanpour et al, 2021). For instance, insulin modulates α-Syn expression and aggregation (Sharma et al, 2015b,c), regulates vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2; Kong et al, 2020) and intranasal administration of insulin ameliorated mitochondrial function, motor impairment and dopaminergic neuron death in a rat model of PD (Iravanpour et al, 2021). Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) is secreted in response to ingestion and absorption, preferably of carbohydrates and fats (Drucker and Nauck, 2006;Wu et al, 2015;Nauck and Meier, 2018).…”

A Purification Method of 18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ via Solid-Phase Extraction With Combined Cartridges

“…Vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2) plays critical role in the mechanism of packaging and transporting neurotransmitters from the cytosol into synaptic vesicle, verifying its status as an objective marker of nigrostriatal terminal integrity (1,2). VMAT2 located on vesicle membranes in neurons and its activity largely affects the scale of dopamine release (3).…”