Elucidating electrochemical intercalation mechanisms of biomass‐derived hard carbon in sodium‐/potassium‐ion batteries

Zhu, Ziyi; Zhong, Wentao; Zhang, Yanjia; Dong, Peng; Sun, Shi‐Gang; Zhang, Yingjie; Li, Xue

doi:10.1002/cey2.111

Cited by 78 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(57 reference statements)

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“…The N 2 adsorption/desorption test can be used to obtain the specific surface area and pore structure of OPDC, which is particularly important for the electrochemical performance. As shown in Figure 1 d, the obtained isothermal curve is IV-type and shows a certain hysteresis phenomenon in the relative pressure range of 0.4~1.0, showing that the pore structure of the material is irregular, and the mesoporous pore accounts for the largest proportion [ 24 ]. The specific surface area of OPDC calculated by the Brunauer/Emmett/Teller (BET) multi-point method is 113.86 m 2 /g.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

O-Doping Configurations Reduce the Adsorption Energy Barrier of K-Ions to Improve the Electrochemical Performance of Biomass-Derived Carbon

Zhao

Chen

et al. 2022

Micromachines

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In recent years, atomic-doping has been proven to significantly improve the electrochemical performance of biomass-derived carbon materials, which is a promising modification strategy. Among them, there are relatively few reports about O-doping. Here, porous carbon derived from orange peel was prepared by simple carbonization and airflow-annealing processes. Under the coordination of microstructure and surface groups, the derived carbon had excellent electrochemical performance for the K-ion batteries' anode, including a high reversible specific capacity of 320.8 mAh/g, high rate performance of 134.6 mAh/g at a current density of 2000 mA/g, and a retention rate of 79.5% even after 2000 long-term cycles, which shows great application potential. The K-ion storage mechanisms in different voltage ranges were discussed by using various characterization techniques, that is, the surface adsorbed of K-ionswas in the high-potential slope area, and the intercalation behavior corresponded to the low-potential quasi-plateau area. In addition, the density functional theory calculations further confirmed that O-doping can reduce the adsorption energy barrier of K-ions, change the charge density distribution, and promote the K-ion storage. In particular, the surface Faraday reaction between the C=O group and K-ions plays an important role in improving the electrochemical properties.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

O-Doping Configurations Reduce the Adsorption Energy Barrier of K-Ions to Improve the Electrochemical Performance of Biomass-Derived Carbon

Zhao

Chen

et al. 2022

Micromachines

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“…The difference between the two values suggests that the former region corresponds to the relatively fast diffusion through the noncrystalline parts of the HC, and the latter region to the intercalation of sodium ions into the graphene layers of the graphitic domains. [58][59][60] Carbon microlattice electrodes were electrochemically stable over long-term cycling (Figure 4h). Regardless the feature sizes, 90% or higher capacities relative to the 2nd cycle were achieved after 10 cycles at 5 mA g −1 .…”

Section: Battery Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

A 3D‐Printed, Freestanding Carbon Lattice for Sodium Ion Batteries

Katsuyama

Kudo

Kobayashi

et al. 2022

Small

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ephemeral forms of energy. In order to use the stored energy when needed and as fast as desired, batteries must exhibit high capacity and high power at an affordable cost. Researchers have made tremendous efforts to develop such technologies including silicon anodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with a gravimetric capacity an order of magnitude higher than graphite, [1][2][3] solid state electrolytes to improve the safety of batteries, [4] replacement of inorganic compounds by organic materials which requires less energy for mass production, [5][6][7][8][9] and substitution of lithium by other more abundant metals such as sodium, [10][11][12][13][14] potassium, [11] calcium, [15] magnesium, [16] aluminum, [17] and zinc. [17] Nevertheless, it still remains a challenging goal to simultaneously achieve high performance and low cost as they generally conflict with each other.One possible way to achieve this goal is to increase the mass loading of active materials in a single cell (Figure 1). [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] A single cell with 5 times thicker electrodes, instead of a stack of 5 cells, can reduce the amount of inactive components (separator, current collector, tabs, etc.) to one fifth, downsizing the overall cell size while saving as much as 26.1% of the cost per battery as shown in Table 1. [18] Based on the conventional film electrode fabrication process that uses a slurry containing the active materials as powders, increasing the amount of slurry per electrode is a simple concept. However, two problems arise: First, the kinetics of ion diffusion limits the maximum Increasing mass loadings of battery electrodes critically enhances the energy density of an overall battery by eliminating much of the inactive components, while compacting the battery size and lowering the costs of the ingredients. A hard carbon microlattice, digitally designed and fabricated by stereolithography 3D-printing and pyrolysis, offers enormous potential for high-mass-loading electrodes. In this work, sodium-ion batteries using hard carbon microlattices produced by an inexpensive 3D printer are demonstrated. Controlled periodic carbon microlattices are created with enhanced ion transport through microchannels. Carbon microlattices with a beam width of 32.8 µm reach a record-high areal capacity of 21.3 mAh cm −2 at a loading of 98 mg cm −2 without degrading performance, which is much higher than the conventional monolithic electrodes (≈5.2 mAh cm −2 at 92 mg cm −2 ). Furthermore, binder-free, pure-carbon elements of microlattices enable the tracking of structural changes in hard carbon that support the hypothesized intercalation of ions at plateau regions by temporal ex situ X-ray diffraction measurements. These results will advance the development of high-performance and low-cost anodes for sodium-ion batteries as well as help with understanding the mechanisms of ion intercalations in hard carbon, expanding the utilities of 3D-printed carbon architectures in both applications and fundamental studies.

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“…[1][2][3][4][5] However, the large size and mass of K + ions markedly retards their diffusion in electrodes and increases the volume change upon cycling. 6,7 Therefore, the realization of highperformance electrode materials is a challenging task. So far, various candidates have been examined as anode materials of PIBs, such as carbon materials, metal alloys, and transition-metal chalcogenides (TMCs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs) are receiving considerable attention as one of the next‐generation batteries owing to the abundant resources of potassium on the Earth (2.09 wt%), the low redox potential of K + /K (−2.93 V vs. SHE), and the fast transport kinetics of K + in electrolytes 1–5 . However, the large size and mass of K + ions markedly retards their diffusion in electrodes and increases the volume change upon cycling 6,7 . Therefore, the realization of high‐performance electrode materials is a challenging task.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding electrolyte salt chemistry for advanced potassium storage performances of transition‐metal sulfides

Wang

Song

et al. 2022

Carbon Energy

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Molybdenum disulfide/carbon nanotubes assembled by ultrathin nanosheets are synthesized to illustrate the electrolyte salt chemistry via potassium bis-(fluorosulfonyl)imide (KFSI) versus potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPF 6 ).Compared to the case of KPF 6 , the electrochemical performances using KFSI as the electrolyte salt are greatly improved: ~275 mAh g −1 after 15,000 cycles at 1 A g −1 , or ~172 mAh g −1 even at 40 A g −1 . These results represent one of the best performances for the reported anode materials. The enhanced performances could be attributed to the FSI-induced changes in the solvate structures, that is, a large solvation energy, a high lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, and a small bonding dissociation energy of S-F. In this case, a uniform and robust solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) is produced, improving the mechanical properties and the interface integrity. Then, the uncontrollable fracture and repeated growth of SEI, which always lead to the dissolution of sulfur species and the blockage of charge transfer in the case of KPF 6 , are well inhibited. This similar enhancement works for other sulfides by KFSI, demonstrating the general importance of this electrolyte salt chemistry.

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Elucidating electrochemical intercalation mechanisms of biomass‐derived hard carbon in sodium‐/potassium‐ion batteries

Cited by 78 publications

References 44 publications

O-Doping Configurations Reduce the Adsorption Energy Barrier of K-Ions to Improve the Electrochemical Performance of Biomass-Derived Carbon

O-Doping Configurations Reduce the Adsorption Energy Barrier of K-Ions to Improve the Electrochemical Performance of Biomass-Derived Carbon

A 3D‐Printed, Freestanding Carbon Lattice for Sodium Ion Batteries

Understanding electrolyte salt chemistry for advanced potassium storage performances of transition‐metal sulfides

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