Elucidating connections between the strigolactone biosynthesis pathway, flavonoid production and root system architecture in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>

Richmond, Bethany L.; Coelho, Chloe L.; Wilkinson, Helen; McKenna, Joseph P.; Ratchinski, Pélagie; Schwarze, Maximillian; Frost, Matthew W.; Lagunas, Beatriz; Gifford, Miriam L.

doi:10.1111/ppl.13681

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…However, unlike max2 mutants, kai2 mutants do not show reduced anthocyanin accumulation compared with WT plants (Bursch et al, 2021 ). These findings agree with recent suggestions that MAX2 is a master regulator of flavonoid biosynthesis with max2 showing downregulated flavonoid biosynthesis and metabolism in roots, which is not seen in max4 or d14 mutants (Richmond et al, 2022 ) (Figure 4c ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Previous studies have shown effects of sugars and auxin on anthocyanin content (Ozeki & Komamine, 1986 ; Teng et al, 2005 ). Additionally, MAX2 was suggested to impact anthocyanin content, as max2 mutants have downregulated anthocyanin biosynthesis gene expression (Richmond et al, 2022 ). This potential regulation of anthocyanins has not been widely repeated and is yet to be tested by direct measurement of anthocyanin levels, or related to the high endogenous auxin or auxin signaling in SL mutants.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification of new potential downstream transcriptional targets of the strigolactone pathway including glucosinolate biosynthesis

et al. 2023

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Strigolactones regulate shoot branching and many aspects of plant growth, development, and allelopathy. Strigolactones are often discussed alongside auxin because they work together to inhibit shoot branching. However, the roles and mechanisms of strigolactones and how they act independently of auxin are still elusive. Additionally, there is still much in general to be discovered about the network of molecular regulators and their interactions in response to strigolactones. Here, we conducted an experiment in Arabidopsis with physiological treatments and strigolactone mutants to determine transcriptional pathways associated with strigolactones. The three physiological treatments included shoot tip removal with and without auxin treatment and treatment of intact plants with the auxin transport inhibitor, N‐1‐naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA). We identified the glucosinolate biosynthesis pathway as being upregulated across strigolactone mutants indicating strigolactone–glucosinolate crosstalk. Additionally, strigolactone application cannot restore the highly branched phenotype observed in glucosinolate biosynthesis mutants, placing glucosinolate biosynthesis downstream of strigolactone biosynthesis. Oxidative stress genes were enriched across the experiment suggesting that this process is mediated through multiple hormones. Here, we also provide evidence supporting non‐auxin‐mediated, negative feedback on strigolactone biosynthesis. Increases in strigolactone biosynthesis gene expression seen in strigolactone mutants could not be fully restored by auxin. By contrast, auxin could fully restore auxin‐responsive gene expression increases, but not sugar signaling‐related gene expression. Our data also point to alternative roles of the strigolactone biosynthesis genes and potential new signaling functions of strigolactone precursors. In this study, we identify a strigolactone‐specific regulation of glucosinolate biosynthesis genes indicating that the two are linked and may work together in regulating stress and shoot branching responses in Arabidopsis. Additionally, we provide evidence for non‐auxin‐mediated feedback on strigolactone biosynthesis and discuss this in the context of sugar signaling.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of new potential downstream transcriptional targets of the strigolactone pathway including glucosinolate biosynthesis

et al. 2023

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“…Although this review has focused on the interactions between flavonoids and the auxin/cytokinin hormone pair, flavonoids also interact with other plant hormones to further increase land plant adaptability [ 36 , 95 , 150 , 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 ]. While hormone-regulated flavonoid synthesis is at the base of most of these interactions, the interaction of flavonoids and abscisic acid (ABA) stands out as flavonols regulate ABA signaling, which aligns with the essential role that ABA plays in plant survival under adverse conditions [ 36 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Friends in Arms: Flavonoids and the Auxin/Cytokinin Balance in Terrestrialization

Kurepa

Shull

Smalle

2023

Plants

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Land plants survive the challenges of new environments by evolving mechanisms that protect them from excess irradiation, nutrient deficiency, and temperature and water availability fluctuations. One such evolved mechanism is the regulation of the shoot/root growth ratio in response to water and nutrient availability by balancing the actions of the hormones auxin and cytokinin. Plant terrestrialization co-occurred with a dramatic expansion in secondary metabolism, particularly with the evolution and establishment of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. Flavonoid biosynthesis is responsive to a wide range of stresses, and the numerous synthesized flavonoid species offer two main evolutionary advantages to land plants. First, flavonoids are antioxidants and thus defend plants against those adverse conditions that lead to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Second, flavonoids aid in protecting plants against water and nutrient deficiency by modulating root development and establishing symbiotic relations with beneficial soil fungi and bacteria. Here, we review different aspects of the relationships between the auxin/cytokinin module and flavonoids. The current body of knowledge suggests that whereas both auxin and cytokinin regulate flavonoid biosynthesis, flavonoids act to fine-tune only auxin, which in turn regulates cytokinin action. This conclusion agrees with the established master regulatory function of auxin in controlling the shoot/root growth ratio.

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“…It is revealed that SLs have impact on the leaf's bacteria and fungi and on the microbial interactions with the aerial tissues, probably affecting the actions of microorganisms on phyllosphere [103]. It is possible that SLs may indirectly affect the assembly of the phyllosphere microbiome through its crosstalk with other hormones such as cytokinin which has a significant role in this [107]. There is communication between the shoot and roots microbiome.…”

Section: Phyllosphere Microbiome and Their Relations To Abiotic Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strigolactones in Plants and Their Interaction with the Ecological Microbiome in Response to Abiotic Stress

Soliman

Wang

Han

et al. 2022

Plants

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Phytohormones play an essential role in enhancing plant tolerance by responding to abiotic stresses, such as nutrient deficiency, drought, high temperature, and light stress. Strigolactones (SLs) are carotenoid derivatives that occur naturally in plants and are defined as novel phytohormones that regulate plant metabolism, growth, and development. Strigolactone assists plants in the acquisition of defensive characteristics against drought stress by initiating physiological responses and mediating the interaction with soil microorganisms. Nutrient deficiency is an important abiotic stress factor, hence, plants perform many strategies to survive against nutrient deficiency, such as enhancing the efficiency of nutrient uptake and forming beneficial relationships with microorganisms. Strigolactone attracts various microorganisms and provides the roots with essential elements, including nitrogen and phosphorus. Among these advantageous microorganisms are arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF), which regulate plant metabolic activities through phosphorus providing in roots. Bacterial nodulations are also nitrogen-fixing microorganisms found in plant roots. This symbiotic relationship is maintained as the plant provides organic molecules, produced in the leaves, that the bacteria could otherwise not independently generate. Related stresses, such as light stress and high-temperature stress, could be affected directly or indirectly by strigolactone. However, the messengers of these processes are unknown. The most prominent connector messengers have been identified upon the discovery of SLs and the understanding of their hormonal effect. In addition to attracting microorganisms, these groups of phytohormones affect photosynthesis, bridge other phytohormones, induce metabolic compounds. In this article, we highlighted the brief information available on SLs as a phytohormone group regarding their common related effects. In addition, we reviewed the status and described the application of SLs and plant response to abiotic stresses. This allowed us to comprehend plants’ communication with the ecological microbiome as well as the strategies plants use to survive under various stresses. Furthermore, we identify and classify the SLs that play a role in stress resistance since many ecological microbiomes are unexplained.

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Elucidating connections between the strigolactone biosynthesis pathway, flavonoid production and root system architecture in Arabidopsis thaliana

Cited by 11 publications

References 58 publications

Identification of new potential downstream transcriptional targets of the strigolactone pathway including glucosinolate biosynthesis

Identification of new potential downstream transcriptional targets of the strigolactone pathway including glucosinolate biosynthesis

Friends in Arms: Flavonoids and the Auxin/Cytokinin Balance in Terrestrialization

Strigolactones in Plants and Their Interaction with the Ecological Microbiome in Response to Abiotic Stress

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