Elliptic flow in Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{{\rm NN}}} = 2.76$ s NN = 2 . 76

Deciphering QCD dynamics in small collision systems using event shape and final state multiplicity at the Large Hadron Collider

“…Also, one can notice from all the results that there is a threshold number of charged particles after which the behavior of the observables changes significantly in isotropic, jetty and spherocity integrated events. This threshold is found to be dN ch /dη (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20), and becomes an important and confirmatory finding over earlier such observations. We believe such a study based on pQCD inspired PYTHIA8 event generator using event topology and multiplicity becomes an important effort in exploring the production dynamics of high-multiplicity pp collisions.…”

“…Further to support this observation of event multiplicity threshold, dN /dη (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20), in a parallel work by one of us [46], in a color string percolation scenario using the experimental particle spectra in hadronic and nuclear collisions at various LHC energies the following observations are made. For event multiplicity dN ch /dη 20, it is observed that the required critical initial energy density ( c ∼ 1 GeV/fm 3 ) and the critical deconfinement/hadronization temperature (T c ∼ 167.7 ± 2.8 MeV) are achieved.…”

“…Recently, it has been seen that the experimental particle spectra in high-energy hadronic collisions are successfully explained by Tsallis non-extensive statistics [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Earlier, Tsallis non-extensive statistics has been used as initial distribution in Boltzmann Transport Equation to calculate the elliptic flow and nuclear modification factor in heavy-ion collisions [16][17][18]. Although there are different variants of Tsallis distribution function, we choose to use a thermodynamically consistent form of Tsallis non-extensive statistical distribution function [19], which nicely describes the p T -spectra in LHC pp collisions to calculate the specific heat, CSBM and speed of sound for small collision systems.…”

Non-extensive Boltzmann Transport Equation: the Relaxation Time Approximation and Beyond

“…Since then, it has been used in many fields including that of high energy collisions. For example, to understand the transport of particles inside the quark-gluon plasma medium produced in high energy collisions, either the BTE, or some approximated version of it has been used [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. In this approach, the evolution of a distribution function is studied, and is utilized to understand the observables in the multi-particle production experiments colliding protons or heavy-ions.…”

Violation of Wiedemann-Franz Law for Hot Hadronic Matter created at NICA, FAIR and RHIC Energies using Non-extensive Statistics

“…Recently, It has been observed that the particle spectra in high energy hadronic and heavy-ion collisions are successfully explained by the Tsallis non-extensive statistics [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26], which is purely motivated by the spectral shape of the identified particles. Using Tsallis non-extensive statistics in Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) with relaxation time approximation (RTA) has successfully explained the elliptic flow [27] and nuclear modification factor [28,29] of identified particles. The dissipative properties such as shear and bulk viscosity has been reported using the non-extensive Boltzmann Transport Equation (NBTE) in RTA [30].…”