“…The austerity policies implemented during the 2009 economic crisis aggravated the crisis of representative democracies, increasing the gap between policy positions of voters and representatives (Traber et al, 2018). This was particularly relevant in the most severely hit countries, such as Portugal or Greece, and in relation to issues such as European integration or austerity policies (Freire et al, 2014a;Freire et al, 2014b;Teperoglou et al, 2014). In turn, the crisis appears to have enhanced MP-voter congruence among (radical) left-wing parties when it comes to redistribution and social protection issues (Belchior et al, 2016), not affecting the (relatively high) levels of congruence in terms of positioning on the left-right ideological scale (Freire and Correia, 2020).…”