Elite triathletes in ‘Ironman Hawaii’ get older but faster

Gallmann, Dalia Mirjam; Knechtle, Beat; Rüst, Christoph Alexander; Rosemann, Thomas; Lepers, Romuald

doi:10.1007/s11357-013-9534-y

Cited by 60 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(67 reference statements)

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“…Similar results were found for other distances as for short and middle distance running [4], half-marathon running [19], marathon running [20] and ultra-marathon running [21]. In other endurance sports disciplines such as Ironman triathlon, the age of peak swimming speed increased in the swim split across years [22].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 80%

The Fastest Female Butterflyswimmers Were Younger Than the Fastest Male Butterfly Swimmers

Zingg¹,

Wolfrum²,

Rüst³

et al. 2014

Med Sport

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Beat (2014). The fastest female butterflyswimmers were younger than the fastest male butterfly swimmers. Medicina Sportiva, 18(1):1-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5604/17342260.1094778 THE FASTEST FEMALE BUTTERFLY SWIMMERS WERE YOUNGER THAN THE FASTEST MALE BUTTERFLY SWIMMERS AbstractIntroduction: The age of peak freestyle swimming speed was reported to be at ~17 years for women and ~19 years for men. However, the age of peak swimming speed for other strokes such as butterfly is not known.Objectives: We investigated whether the age of peak swimming speed and peak swimming speed changed across years in elite butterfly and freestyle swimmers at national level (Switzerland) between 1994 and 2011.Methods: Changes in swimming speed and age of the annual ten fastest swimmers across years were investigated using linear regression analyses and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).Results: For both butterfly and freestyle, the age of peak swimming speed was ~19 years for women. For men, the age of peak swimming speed was at ~22 years over all distances with the exception in 200m freestyle with ~21 years. The age of peak swimming speed increased for women in 50m from ~19 years to ~21 years, in 100m and 200m butterfly from ~18 years to ~20 years while it remained unchanged in 50m, 100m and 200m freestyle at ~19, ~18 and ~20 years, respectively. For men, the age of peak swimming speed was constant for butterfly at ~24, ~23 and ~21 years, respectively, and for freestyle at ~23 years in 100m and ~22 years in 200m across years with the exception of a decrease in 50m freestyle from ~23 years (1994) to ~22 years (2011). Both women and men increased peak swimming speed over all distances. Sex difference in peak swimming speed increased in butterfly from 10% in 1994 to 12% in 2011 in 50m to 200m and in freestyle in 100m from 12% in 1994 to 14% in 2011 while it remained unchanged in 50m and 200m freestyle at 12% and 10%, respectively.Conclusion: To summarize, in butterfly swimming, women seemed to achieve peak swimming speed at ~19 years and men at ~21-22 years. For practical applications, a career as butterfly swimmer may endure longer in men compared to women.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 80%

The Fastest Female Butterflyswimmers Were Younger Than the Fastest Male Butterfly Swimmers

Zingg¹,

Wolfrum²,

Rüst³

et al. 2014

Med Sport

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“…However, the annual top 10 women and men were of the same age of ;35 years between 1969 and 2013. Although other studies showed that the age of peak ultra-endurance performance increased across years (18,24), analyses of Olympic track and field and swimming data between 1896 and 1980 showed that the age at which peak performance was achieved remained remarkably consistent (48).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Similar findings for the increase in the age of peak ultra-endurance performance have been reported for Ironman triathletes. In the "Ironman Hawaii," the age of the annual top 10 women and men increased between 1983 and 2012, and the athletes were able to improve their performance (18). However, when worldwide trends in ultramarathon running were investigated, the age of peak ultramarathon performance remained unchanged.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Recent studies investigating "Ironman Hawaii" (18) and 100-miles ultramarathon (45) showed that ultra-endurance performance improved but the change in the age of peak ultraendurance performance was different. Although the age of peak performance in 100-mile runners remained unchanged across years (45), the age of the best Ironman triathletes in "Ironman Hawaii" increased over time (18).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Performance and Age of the Fastest Female and Male 100-km Ultramarathoners Worldwide From 1960 to 2012

Cejka¹,

Knechtle²,

Rüst³

et al. 2015

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the change in 100-km running performance and in the age of peak performance for 100-km ultramarathoners. Age and running speed of the annual fastest women and men in all 100-km ultramarathons held worldwide between 1960 and 2012 were analyzed in 148,017 finishes with 18,998 women and 129,019 men using single, multivariate, and nonlinear regressions. Running speed of the annual fastest men increased from 8.67 to 15.65 km·h and from 8.06 to 13.22 km·h for the annual fastest women. For the annual 10 fastest men, running speed increased from 10.23 ± 1.22 to 15.05 ± 0.29 km·h (p < 0.0001) and for the annual 10 fastest women from 7.18 ± 1.54 to 13.03 ± 0.18 km·h (p < 0.0001). The sex difference decreased from 56.1 to 16.3% for the annual fastest finishers (p < 0.0001) and from 46.7 ± 8.7% to 14.0 ± 1.2% for the annual 10 fastest finishers (p < 0.0001). The age of the annual fastest men increased from 29 to 40 years (p = 0.025). For the annual fastest women, the age remained unchanged at 35.0 ± 9.7 years (p = 0.469). For the annual 10 fastest women and men, the age remained unchanged at 34.9 ± 3.2 (p = 0.902) and 34.5 ± 2.5 years (p = 0.064), respectively. To summarize, 100-km ultramarathoners became faster, the sex difference in performance decreased but the age of the fastest finishers remained unchanged at 35 years. For athletes and coaches to plan a career as 100-km ultramarathoner, the age of the fastest female and male 100-km ultramarathoners remained unchanged at 35 years between 1960 and 2012 although the runners improved their performance over time. (5): 1180-1190, 2015-The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the change in 100-km running performance and in the age of peak performance for 100-km ultramarathoners. Age and running speed of the annual fastest women and men in all 100-km ultramarathons held worldwide between 1960 and 2012 were analyzed in 148,017 finishes with 18,998 women and 129,019 men using single, multivariate, and nonlinear regressions. Running speed of the annual fastest men increased from 8.67 to 15.65 km$h 21 and from 8.06 to 13.22 km$h 21 for the annual fastest women. For the annual 10 fastest men, running speed increased from 10.23 6 1.22 to 15.05 6 0.29 km$h 21 (p , 0.0001) and for the annual 10 fastest women from 7.18 6 1.54 to 13.03 6 0.18 km$h 21 (p , 0.0001). The sex difference decreased from 56.1 to 16.3% for the annual fastest finishers (p , 0.0001) and from 46.7 6 8.7% to 14.0 6 1.2% for the annual 10 fastest finishers (p , 0.0001). The age of the annual fastest men increased from 29 to 40 years (p = 0.025). For the annual fastest women, the age remained unchanged at 35.0 6 9.7 years (p = 0.469). For the annual 10 fastest women and men, the age remained unchanged at 34.9 6 3.2 (p = 0.902) and 34.5 6 2.5 years (p = 0.064), respectively. To summarize, 100-km ultramarathoners became faster, the sex difference in performance decreased but the age of the fastest finishers remained unchanged a...

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“…In Ironman triathletes competing in 'Ironman Hawaii', performance improved over time although athletes became older (Rüst, Knechtle, Rosemann, & Lepers, 2012;Gallmann, Knechtle, Rüst, Rosemann, & Lepers, 2013). In ultra-marathoners, the age of peak running speed increased over years in the 78-km mountain ultra-marathon 'Swiss Alpine' (Eichenberger, Knechtle, Rüst, Rosemann, Lepers, 2012b).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The changes in age of peak swim speed for elite male and female Swiss freestyle swimmers between 1994 and 2012

Rüst¹,

Knechtle²,

Rosemann³

et al. 2013

Journal of Sports Sciences

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This study determined the age and its changes across years of peak swimming performance from 50 to 1,500 m freestyle. Data of 70,059 Swiss freestyle swimmers (33,725 women and 36,334 men) aged 10-40 years and competing from 50 to 1,500 m were analysed. The association between age and swimming speed of the annual ten fastest swimmers was investigated using single and multi-level hierarchical regression analyses. For women, age of peak swimming speed increased in 50 m from 18.9 (s = 2.3) to 20.4 (s = 4.2) years but decreased in 1,500 m from 25.0 (s = 13.1) (1996) to 18.1 (s = 3.7) years. For 100-800 m, age remained at 19.1 (s = 1.1), 19.3 (s = 1.1), 18.7 (s = 1.5) and 18.5 (s = 1.3) years, respectively. For men, age of peak swimming speed decreased in 50 m from 23.0 (s = 4.0) to 23.0 (s = 3.5) but remained for 100-1,500 m at 22.5 (s = 1.4), 21.4 (s = 0.9), 20.3 (s = 0.9), 20.3 (s = 0.9) and 20.3 (s = 1.1) years, respectively. Age was positively associated with swimming speed for 50-800 m, but negatively for 1,500 m. In conclusion, the age of peak swimming speed was younger in women compared to men for 50-800 m freestyle. For women, age of peak swimming speed increased in 50 m but decreased in 1,500 m freestyle across years. For men, age of peak swimming speed decreased in 50 m freestyle. AbstractThis study determined the age and its changes across years of peak swim performance from 50m to 1,500m freestyle. Data of 70,059 elite Swiss freestyle swimmers (33,725 women and 36,334 men) aged 10-40 years and competing from 50m to 1,500m were downloaded from the high score list of the Swiss Swimming Federation. The association between age and swim speed of the annual ten fastest swimmers was investigated using single and multi-level hierarchical regression analyses. For women, age of peak swim speed increased in 50m from 18.9 (s=2.3) to 20.4 (s=4.2) years but decreased in 1,500m from 25.0 (s=13.1) (1996) to 18.1 (s=3.7). For 100m-800m, age remained at 19.1 (s=1.1), 19.3 (s=1.1), 18.7 (s=1.5), and 18.5 (s=1.3) years, respectively. For men, age of peak swim speed decreased from 23.0 (s=4.0) to 23.0 (s=3.5) in 50m but remained for 100m-1,500m at 22.5 (s=1.4), 21.4 (s=0.9), 20.3 (s=0.9), 20.3 (s=0.9), and 20.3 (s=1.1) years, respectively. Age was positively associated with swim speed for 50m-800m, but negatively for 1,500m. Peak age was younger for women (~19 years) compared to men (~22 years) from 50m-800m. For 1,500m, women became younger than men over time. For 50m, women became older and men became younger.

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Elite triathletes in ‘Ironman Hawaii’ get older but faster

Cited by 60 publications

References 30 publications

The Fastest Female Butterflyswimmers Were Younger Than the Fastest Male Butterfly Swimmers

The Fastest Female Butterflyswimmers Were Younger Than the Fastest Male Butterfly Swimmers

Performance and Age of the Fastest Female and Male 100-km Ultramarathoners Worldwide From 1960 to 2012

The changes in age of peak swim speed for elite male and female Swiss freestyle swimmers between 1994 and 2012

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