ELISA detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in saliva

MacMullan, Melanie A.; Ibrayeva, Albina; Trettner, Kylie; Deming, Laura; Das, Sudipta Sekhar; Tran, Frances; Moreno, Jose Ricardo; Casian, Joseph G.; Chellamuthu, Prithivi; Kraft, Jeffrey; Kozak, Kenneth; Turner, Fred; Slepnev, Vladimir I.; Page, Lydia M. Le

doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77555-4

Cited by 104 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…A recent study suggested that salivary SARS-CoV-2 viral load can serve as a dynamic correlate of COVID-19 severity and mortality(24). The utility of SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in saliva has emerged in parallel with proofs-of-principle to detect SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses in saliva, which could serve as a surrogate of SARS-CoV-2 serological tests (10, 12, 17, 21). SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG in saliva reflects the blood-derived transudate in the oral cavity; by contrast, SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA in saliva may represent a localized mucosal IgA response to infection (2, 22, 27).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative performance of multiplex salivary and commercially available serologic assays to detect SARS-CoV-2 IgG and neutralization titers

Heaney

Pisanic

Randad

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Oral fluid (hereafter saliva) offers a non-invasive sampling method for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. However, data comparing performance of salivary tests against commercially-available serologic and neutralizing antibody (nAb) assays are lacking. This study compared the performance of a multiplex salivary SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay targeting antibodies to nucleocapsid (N), receptor binding domain (RBD) and spike (S) antigens to three commercially-available SARS-CoV-2 serology enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) (Ortho Vitros, Euroimmun, and BioRad) and nAb. Paired saliva and plasma samples were collected from 101 eligible COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) donors >14 days since PCR+ confirmed diagnosis. Concordance was evaluated using positive (PPA) and negative (NPA) percent agreement, overall percent agreement (PA), and Cohen’s kappa coefficient. The range between salivary and plasma EIAs for SARS-CoV-2-specific N was PPA: 54.4-92.1% and NPA: 69.2-91.7%, for RBD was PPA: 89.9-100% and NPA: 50.0-84.6%, and for S was PPA: 50.6-96.6% and NPA: 50.0-100%. Compared to a plasma nAb assay, the multiplex salivary assay PPA ranged from 62.3% (N) and 98.6% (RBD) and NPA ranged from 18.8% (RBD) to 96.9% (S). Combinations of N, RBD, and S and a summary algorithmic index of all three (N/RBD/S) in saliva produced ranges of PPA: 87.6-98.9% and NPA: 50-91.7% with the three EIAs and ranges of PPA: 88.4-98.6% and NPA: 21.9-34.4% with the nAb assay. A multiplex salivary SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay demonstrated comparable performance to three commercially-available plasma EIAs and a nAb assay, and may be a viable alternative to assist in screening CCP donors and monitoring population-based seroprevalence and vaccine antibody response.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative performance of multiplex salivary and commercially available serologic assays to detect SARS-CoV-2 IgG and neutralization titers

Heaney

Pisanic

Randad

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…Therefore, in order to resolve this shortage and support state-led diagnostic efforts, many research laboratories have repurposed their expertise, skilled labor and equipment by developing and assembling in-house testing kits, among other efforts [4][5][6][7] . SARS-CoV-2 serological tests employ enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 8,9 , immunofluorescence 10 and lateral flow techniques to detect antibodies directed against the nucleocapsid (N) and/or Spike (S) proteins of the viral proteome 11 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An“In-House”ELISA for SARS-CoV-2 RBD uncovers elevated immune response at higher altitudes

Grau

Ploper

Ávila

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) first reported in Wuhan has caused a global pandemic with dramatic health and socioeconomic consequences. The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated represents a challenge for health systems that had to quickly respond developing new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. In the present work, we developed an In House ELISA with high sensitivity (92.2 %), specificity (100%) and precision (93.9%), with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.991, rendering the assay as an excellent serological test to correctly discriminate between SARS-COv-2 infected and non-infected individuals and study population seroprevalence. Among 758 patients evaluated for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis in the province of Tucuman, Argentina, we found a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.5048 between antibodies elicited against the RBD and the nucleocapsid (N) antigen. Additionally, 33.6% of individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 displayed mild levels of RBD-IgG antibodies, while 19% of the patients showed high antibody titers. Interestingly, patients with SARS-COV-2 infection over 60 years old elicited significantly higher levels of IgG antibodies against RBD compared to younger ones, while no difference was found between women and men. Surprisingly, individuals from a high altitude village displayed statistically significant higher and longer lasting anti-RBD antibodies compared to those from a city at a lower altitude, suggesting that a hypobaric hypoxia-adapted mechanism may act as a protective factor for COVID-19. To our knowledge, this is the first report correlating altitude with increased humoral immune response against SARS-Cov-2 infection.

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“…From positive participants, serum and oral fluid was collected at least 21 days after the date of reported symptom onset to ensure adequate time for antibody seroconversion (2). We tested participant serum specimens on the EuroImmun Anti-SARS-CoV-2 (IgG) ELISA (12) to determine whether the participants were expressing antibodies against the virus using previously described methods (9) (Fig. 2A).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The OACD, when used with the Anti-SARS-CoV-2 total antibody ELISA kit developed by OraSure® Technologies, has achieved sensitivity and specificity which are equivalent to commercially available serum-based ELISAs(9). This represents a unique and highly successful advancement in antibody detection technology.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have previously demonstrated that patient saliva, instead of serum, can serve as a sufficient medium for the detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 (9). However, given the substantial need for sensitive and specific antibody detection, we did not feel that our method of collection was adequately sensitive for practical manufacturing and mass production for widespread testing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in oral fluids

MacMullan

Chellamuthu²,

Mades³

et al. 2020

Preprint

Self Cite

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Current commercially available methods for reliably detecting antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 remain expensive and inaccessible due to the need for whole blood collection by highly trained phlebotomists using personal protective equipment (PPE). We evaluated an antibody detection approach utilizing the OraSure Technologies' Oral Antibody Collection Device (OACD) and their proprietary SARS-CoV-2 total antibody detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We found that the OraSure test for total antibody detection in oral fluid had comparable sensitivity and specificity to serum-based ELISAs while presenting a more affordable and accessible system with the potential for self-collection.

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ELISA detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in saliva

Cited by 104 publications

References 18 publications

Comparative performance of multiplex salivary and commercially available serologic assays to detect SARS-CoV-2 IgG and neutralization titers

Comparative performance of multiplex salivary and commercially available serologic assays to detect SARS-CoV-2 IgG and neutralization titers

An“In-House”ELISA for SARS-CoV-2 RBD uncovers elevated immune response at higher altitudes

Rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in oral fluids

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