Elimination of visceral leishmaniasis on the Indian subcontinent

Singh, Om Prakash; Hasker, Epco; Boelaert, Marleen

doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(16)30140-2

Cited by 104 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The problem is compounded in case of co‐infection with HIV or development of post‐kala‐azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) in India and Sudan 1 . The major concerns are projected and exhaustively reviewed 2,3 . In the vision to eliminate VL from Indian subcontinent, a joint kala‐azar elimination initiative by the governments of Bangladesh, India and Nepal—supported by WHO, is running from 2005.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pentavalent antimonials, the long‐existing and the only specific drug, have lost efficacy due to serious unresponsiveness in India. Search for new chemotherapeutic candidates is an immediate necessity 3,7 . Persistent therapeutic success against VL requires a protective cell‐mediated immune response generated in the host along with the parasiticidal efficacy 8 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chlorogenic acid acts upon Leishmania donovani arresting cell cycle and modulating cytokines and nitric oxide in vitro

Majumder

Ganguly

Ghosh

et al. 2020

Parasite Immunology

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Aims Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by Leishmania donovani in India, is fatal if untreated, having serious concern of limited chemotherapeutic options. In this study, we evaluated antileishmanial efficacy of purified chlorogenic acid (CGA) against promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes infected into RAW264.7 macrophages. Methods and Results Chlorogenic acid was effective both on promastigotes (IC50 = 78.394 µmol/L, i.e. 27.75 µg/mL) and intracellular amastigotes (ED50 = 26.752 µmol/L, i.e. 9.47 µg/mL). In promastigotes, significant retardation in mitotic growth was caused both by cell‐death and reduction of metabolic activity, evidenced by propidium‐iodide uptake and MTT assay, respectively. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that retardation of mitotic growth was due to cell‐cycle arrest at G1/S checkpoint. Complete clearance of amastigotes from infected RAW264.7 cells, assessed by microscopic counting, was achieved with 60 µmol/L (21.24 µg/mL) CGA for 24 hours, with negligible toxicity to host macrophages. This parasite clearing efficacy was comparable to 1.0 µg/mL (1.082 µmol/L) Amphotericin B, and 20 µmol/L Miltefosine, two standard antileishmanial drugs. Cytokine‐ELISA revealed that elevated IL‐10 production by infected macrophages was reduced after parasite clearance. Consequently, IL‐12, TNF and NO (assayed by Griess test) production by macrophages were significantly increased after successful resolution of infection. Conclusion Chlorogenic acid might emerge as a potential antileishmanial drug.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorogenic acid acts upon Leishmania donovani arresting cell cycle and modulating cytokines and nitric oxide in vitro

Majumder

Ganguly

Ghosh

et al. 2020

Parasite Immunology

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“…The implications of HIV coinfection with VL for treatment failure and relapse, transmission dynamics, and development of parasite resistance to drugs need to be studied further, and strategies need to be developed and tested as appropriate [42]. The development of innovative approaches to impair infection through early case detection and treatment, particularly in remote or previously nonendemic areas, as well as vector surveillance systems, new methods to measure transmission, mathematical transmission modelling to measure progress post elimination, xenodiagnostic studies to measure reservoir potential, new noninvasive antigen-based diagnostic tools [41], better treatment of PKDL, and surveillance for drug resistance are some of the urgent research priorities for the immediate future [122, 128]. DWL as an option for vector control needs to be further explored, as well as other alternatives that can be applied by communities themselves, such as insecticidal paint or LLIN combined with other affordable “do-it-yourself” measures with appropriate support.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards elimination of visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent—Translating research to practice to public health

et al. 2017

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BackgroundThe decade following the Regional Strategic Framework for Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) elimination in 2005 has shown compelling progress in the reduction of VL burden in the Indian subcontinent. The Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), hosted by the World Health Organization (WHO) and other stakeholders, has coordinated and financed research for the development of new innovative tools and strategies to support the regional VL elimination initiative. This paper describes the process of the TDR’s engagement and contribution to this initiative.Methodology/principal findingsMultiple databases were searched to identify 152 scientific papers and reports with WHO funding or authorship affiliation around the following 3 framework strategies: detection of new cases, morbidity reduction, and prevention of infection. TDR has played a critical role in the evaluation and subsequent use of the 39-aminoacid–recombinant kinesin antigen (rK39) rapid diagnostic test (RDT) as a confirmatory test for VL in the national program. TDR has supported the clinical research and development of miltefosine and single-dose liposomal amphotericin B as a first-line treatment against VL. TDR has engaged with in-country researchers, national programme managers, and partners to generate evidence-based interventions for early detection and treatment of VL patients. TDR evaluated the quality, community acceptance, and cost effectiveness of indoor residual spraying, insecticide-treated bed nets, insecticide-impregnated durable wall linings, insecticidal paint, and environmental management as tools for integrated vector management in reducing sandfly density.Conclusions/significanceTDR’s engagement with country policy makers, scientists, and clinicians in the development of effective diagnosis, treatment, case detection, and vector control represents an important example of TDR’s stewardship toward the elimination of VL in the Indian subcontinent.

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“…It is estimated by WHO that worldwide 200-400 thousands new cases of VL occur annually. 90% of VL cases occur in three geographical regions: i) South East Asia: India (especially Bihar), Bangladesh, Nepal; ii) Latin America: mainly North Eastern Brazil; iii) East Africa: Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda and Somalia [4, 5][6, 7]. In the Indian Subcontinent, VL is now being reported in 54 districts in India, 16 upazila in Bangladesh, and 12 districts in Nepal [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis

Sundar

2018

Mol Diagn Ther

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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a deadly parasitic disease, is a major public health concern globally. Countries affected by VL have signed the London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases and committed to eliminate VL as a public health problem by 2020. To achieve and sustain VL elimination, it will become progressively important not to miss any remaining cases in the community who can maintain transmission. This requires accurate identification of symptomatic and asymptomatic carriers using highly sensitive diagnostic tools at the primary health service setting. The rK39 rapid diagnostic test (RDT) is the most widely used tool and with its good sensitivity and specificity is the first choice for decentralized diagnosis of VL in endemic areas. However, this test cannot discriminate between current, subclinical, or past infections and is useless for diagnosis of relapses and as a prognostic (cure) test. Importantly, as the goal of elimination of VL as a public health problem is approaching, the number of people susceptible to infection will increase. Therefore, correct diagnosis using a highly sensitive diagnostic test is crucial for applying appropriate treatment and management of cases. Recent advances in molecular techniques have improved Leishmania detection and quantification, and therefore this technology has become increasingly relevant due to its possible application in a variety of clinical sample types. Most importantly, given current problems in identifying asymptomatic individuals because of poor correlation between the main methods of detection, molecular tests are valuable for VL elimination programs, especially to monitor changes in burden of infection in specific communities. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the available VL diagnostics and discusses the usefulness of molecular methods in the diagnosis, quantification, and species differentiation as well as their clinical applications.

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Elimination of visceral leishmaniasis on the Indian subcontinent

Cited by 104 publications

References 46 publications

Chlorogenic acid acts upon Leishmania donovani arresting cell cycle and modulating cytokines and nitric oxide in vitro

Chlorogenic acid acts upon Leishmania donovani arresting cell cycle and modulating cytokines and nitric oxide in vitro

Towards elimination of visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent—Translating research to practice to public health

Molecular Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis

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