Elimination of bacteria from the circulation of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis

Knaap, W.P.W. van der; Sminia, T.; Kroese, F. G. M.; Dikkeboom, Ronald

doi:10.1016/s0145-305x(81)80004-3

Cited by 61 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…It is possible, however, that injection with E. coli cells activates antibacterial defence, but this could not be observed if defence proteins were used to clear bacterial cells with the same speed as they were generated. Alternatively, dynamics of an immune response could differ depending on the bacterial challenge, leading to different activity of immune parameters at the same time point (van der Knaap et al, 1981). Furthermore, activation of antibacterial defence against E. coli by M. lysodeikticus cells is possible as activation of different immune cascades can be correlated [i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lack of response in antibacterial defence is surprising as microorganism-enriched water can be expected to include several different bacteria that could activate snail defences when the microorganisms enter the snails (Rigby and Jokela, 2000). However, it is possible that activation was not observed if the response was very fast (see van der Knaap et al, 1981) or if defence proteins were used with the same speed as they were generated. The effect of microorganism-enriched water on POlike activity of snail haemolymph was clearer after 6h exposure…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Activation of the immune defence of the freshwater snailLymnaea stagnalisby different immune elicitors

Seppälä

Leicht

2013

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Lymnaea stagnalis is a holarctic freshwater snail inhabiting shallow littoral zones of stagnant waters such as lakes and ponds. It is an SUMMARY Understanding the outcomes of host-parasite interactions in nature is in high demand as parasites and pathogens are important for several ecological and evolutionary processes. Ecological immunology (ecoimmunology) has a key role in reaching this goal because immune defence is the main physiological barrier against infections. To date, ecoimmunological studies largely lean on measuring constitutive immune defences (components of defence that are always active). However, understanding the role of inducible components of immune function is important as the immune system is largely an inducible defence. Measuring such defences can be complicated as different parasites may activate different immune cascades, and expression of different immune traits may not be independent. We examined the suitability of different immune activation techniques for the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. By experimentally challenging snails with different immune elicitors [injection with snail saline (i.e. wounding), lyophilized Escherichia coli cells, lyophilized Micrococcus lysodeikticus cells, healthy snail gonad, and trematodeinfected snail gonad; maintenance in microorganism-enriched water] and measuring phenoloxidase-like and antibacterial activity of their haemolymph, we found increased immune activity against some immune elicitors, but also decreased activity. Our findings suggest potentially complicated relationships among immune traits, and propose suitable techniques for ecological studies in this study system.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activation of the immune defence of the freshwater snailLymnaea stagnalisby different immune elicitors

Seppälä

Leicht

2013

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…This study differs by characterizing responses of one single B. glabrata strain (M line) to different challenges with either compatible S. mansoni or bacteria (incompatible). Bacterial infections are rare in wild populations of gastropods and experimentally injected bacteria are cleared from the circulation within hours and then eliminated by phagocytic hemocytes (Bayne, 1982;van der Knaap et al, 1981). Snails, including B. glabrata, routinely survive exposure to bacteria (Adema et al, 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative ORESTES-sampling of transcriptomes of immune-challenged Biomphalaria glabrata snails

Hanelt

Lun

Adema

2008

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology

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The snail Biomphalaria glabrata (Gastropoda, Mollusca) is an important intermediate host for the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni (Digenea, Trematoda). Anti-pathogen responses of B. glabrata were studied towards a better understanding of snail immunity and host-parasite compatibility. Open reading frame ESTs (ORESTES) were sampled from different transcriptomes of M line strain B. glabrata, 12 hours post challenge with Escherichia coli (Gram-negative), Micrococcus luteus (Gram-positive) bacteria or compatible S. mansoni, and controls. The resulting 3123 ORESTES represented 2129 unique sequences (373 clusters, 1756 singletons). Of these, 175 (8.1%) were putative defense factors, including lectins, antimicrobial peptides and components of various immune effector systems. Comparison of biological processes (GO-terms) within different transcriptomes indicated that B. glabrata increased oxygen transport and metal binding in reaction to all challenges. Comprehensive comparisons of transcriptomes revealed that responses of B. glabrata against bacteria were similar to each other and differed from the ineffective response to S. mansoni. Furthermore, the response to S. mansoni infection was less comprehensive than that to bacteria. Many novel (unknown) sequences were recovered in association with particular challenges. Biomphalaria glabrata possesses multi-faceted, potent immune defenses. This agrees with the notion that S. mansoni is capable of immune-evasion and prevents effective host defense responses in order to survive in B. glabrata. Future analysis of the numerous unknown sequences recovered from challenged snails may reveal novel immune factors and provide increased understanding of immunity of B. glabrata in relation to parasite-host compatibility.

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“…Similarly, four mollusc species (Bayne and Kime, 1970;Pauley et al, 1971;Bayne, 1973;van der Knaap et al, 1981) and a crustacean (Smith and Ratcliffe, 1980) cleared 90â€"99% of injected bacteria (l06_ 10@ bacteria per animal) in the first 2-3 h p.i., with slower subsequent declines after 3 h. In some species Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria may be cleared equally well (Smith and Ratciffe, 1980), while in others, Gram positives may be cleared more rapidly than Gram negatives (van der Knaap et al, 1981). Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria may be recognized by different coelomocyte subpopulations in the marine annelid, Arenicola marina (Fitzgerald and Ratcliffe, 1982).…”

Section: Primary Clearancementioning

confidence: 99%

ECHINODERM IMMUNOLOGY: BACTERIAL CLEARANCE BY THE SEA URCHIN STRONGYLOCENTROTUS PURPURATUS

Yui¹,

Bayne²

1983

The Biological Bulletin

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Characteristics of bacterial clearance were investigated in the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Primary clearance Id netics were determined for three bacteria, a marine Gram negative motile rod, a marine Gram positive non-motile rod, and a Gram negative freshwater fish patho gen, Aeromonas salmonicida. Q@nce kinetics differed for each of the three bac teria. Secondary clearance rates were not significantly different from primary clear ance rates for any of the three bacteria, regardless of the time interval between inoculations (9-21 days), implying a probable absence of immunologic memory. During primary clearance, total coelomocyte counts declined 93% by 90 mm post injection. All four coelomocyte types declined, however the relative proportions of each type changed during the six-hour sampling period. In cell-free coelomic fluid, viable counts of marine bacteria declined, with different kinetics for the two species. Viable counts in sea water controls did not change. Declines in viable counts may be due to bactericidal activity and/or agglutination, although bacterial agglutination was not observed.

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Elimination of bacteria from the circulation of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis

Cited by 61 publications

References 40 publications

Activation of the immune defence of the freshwater snailLymnaea stagnalisby different immune elicitors

Activation of the immune defence of the freshwater snailLymnaea stagnalisby different immune elicitors

Comparative ORESTES-sampling of transcriptomes of immune-challenged Biomphalaria glabrata snails

ECHINODERM IMMUNOLOGY: BACTERIAL CLEARANCE BY THE SEA URCHIN STRONGYLOCENTROTUS PURPURATUS

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