Elimination of 5µ Particles from the Human Lung

Booker, D. V.; Chamberlain, A. C.; Rundo, J.; Muir, D. C. F.; Thomson, M. L.

doi:10.1038/215030a0

Cited by 74 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…Some of the factors which determine penetrance of aerosol have long been known to particle physicists (Hatch and Gross, 1964). Recent findings indicate the importance of the technique of inhalation (Booker et al, 1967;Goldberg and Lourengo, 1973) and the effect of lung and especially airway abnormality (Thomson and Short, 1969;Pavia et at., 1977) in reducing the penetrance of aerosol.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Effect of Lung Function and Mode of Inhalation on Penetration of Aerosol into the Human Lung

et al. 1977

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. Effect of lung function and mode of inhalation on penetration of aerosol into the human lung. The method using radioactive tracer particles has been applied to study the effect of the mode of inhalation of aerosols on the depth of deposition in the lungs of 50 patients with airways obstruction. The findings show that the penetration of particles is directly related to: (1) volume inspired per breath (VI); (2) forced expiratory volume in one second (FEVY); and inversely related to (3) flow rate during inhalation (V). In mathematical terms, alveolar deposition (%)= 40 3 (VI)+ 10-98 (FEV1)-0 75 (V)+40 4; for this regression F=4-41 and P<001.Topical administration of drugs into the bronchial tree by inhalation of aerosol often has advantages over the oral and parenteral routes, particularly in patients with reversible airways obstruction. The dose is relatively small (Lal et al., 1972) and response may be more rapid (Plit et al., 1972). The main benefit of this route, however, is that high levels of the drug are concentrated at the site of action in the lung, giving the desired therapeutic action while minimising undesired systemic side effects.The efficacy of topical therapy depends on the proportion of the inhaled drug which is deposited in the lung (Blackwell et al., 1974) and, for certain drugs, that proportion that is retained in the more peripheral parts (Godfrey et al., 1974). Some of the factors which determine penetrance of aerosol have long been known to particle physicists (Hatch and Gross, 1964 MethodThe tracer technique used here to assess depth of deposition and clearance of inhaled particles in humans has been fully reported by . Polystyrene particles (5±0 7 um) were generated by a spinning disc (May, 1949) and inhaled via the mouth of the patients seated upright. The particles were tagged unleachably (Few et al., 1970) with the gamma-emitting radionuclide teehnetium-99m (99mTc). The volume inspired in a single breath (Vi), 0 1 1, 0 30, 0 50, 0'75 or 0-88 litre, was randomly allocated to each patient and determined by an automatic valve. After inspiration there was an obligatory 3-second breath-holding pause before exhalation. The average flow rate during inhalation was measured by a pneumotachograph. The mean, range, and standard deviation (SD) of the flow rate during inhalation (V) for the 44 patients for whom measurements were available were 25'4 (13 3-50 4; SD±7 9) 1/min. Immediately after inhalation the patients washed out their mouths and then swallowed some water to remove radioaerosol from the oropharynx and oesophagus.Immediately afterwards and six hours later gamma radiation from the patients' lungs was counted by 194

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The Effect of Lung Function and Mode of Inhalation on Penetration of Aerosol into the Human Lung

et al. 1977

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“…Furthermore, ferric oxide particles (2.6 lm) were phagocytized by pulmonary macrophages and induced lung inflammation, 24 h after intrapulmonary instilled ferric oxide particles [19].A s reported, the particles instilled in pulmonary cell can be phagocytized within 6-12 h and scavenged [3]. The dynamics of scavenging particles (5 lm) from human pulmonary has also been reported [20]. Some biological targets of inhaled PM are the pulmonary epithelium and resident macrophages.…”

Section: Sem Scanningmentioning

confidence: 88%

Probing cytotoxicity of nanoparticles and organic compounds using scanning proton microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy

Tong

Liu

Liang

et al. 2008

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B:

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Scanning proton microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fluorescence microscopy have been used to probe the cytotoxicity effect of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), ethidium bromide (EB) and nanoparticles (ZnO, Al 2 O 3 and TiO 2 ) on a T lymphoblastic leukemia Jurkat cell line. The increased calcium ion (from CaCl 2 ) in the culture medium stimulated the accumulation of BaP and EB inside the cell, leading to cell death. ZnO, Al 2 O 3 and TiO 2 nanoparticles, however, showed a protective effect against these two organic compounds. Such inorganic nanoparticles complexed with BaP or EB which became less toxic to the cell. Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles as an insoluble particle model scavenged by macrophage were investigated in rats. They were scavenged out of the lung tissue about 48 h after infection. This result suggest that some insoluble inorganic nanoparticles of PM (particulate matters) showed protective effects on organic toxins induced acute toxic effects as they can be scavenged by macrophage cells. Whereas, some inorganic ions such as calcium ion in PM may help environmental organic toxins to penetrate cell membrane and induce higher toxic effect.

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“…The resulting 24-hour retention was not signifi cantly different in the two tests. It is as sumed that 24-hour retention is equivalent to alveolar deposition [ 15], or rather depolungs. The negative correlation between flow of inhalation and 24-hour deposition is therefore as to be expected.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variability of Tracheobronchial Clearance in Healthy Non-Smoking Subjects

Hengstum¹,

Festen²,

Buijs

et al. 1989

Respiration

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Tracheobronchial clearance was measured twice in 10 healthy non-smoking volunteers to evaluate inter- and intrasubject variability, using a radio-aerosol technique (5 μm ^99mTc-labelled polystyrene particles). By means of two detectors radioactivity in the lungs was measured at regular intervals for 6 h and once more 24 h after inhalation. The decrease in radioactivity after correction for background activity, isotope decay and 24-hour retention was assumed to reflect tracheobronchial clearance. Among other parameters to quantitate the results of these tests, the area under the retention curve up to 6 h after inhalation (AUC-6) was calculated. The intersubject coefficient of variation (COV) using the AUC-6 was 31 %. The intrasubject COV of the AUC-6 was 11 %. These results compare favourably with those reported by others using different techniques. It is concluded that the intrasubject variability of tracheobronchial clearance as measured by this technique is small.

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Elimination of 5µ Particles from the Human Lung

Cited by 74 publications

References 3 publications

The Effect of Lung Function and Mode of Inhalation on Penetration of Aerosol into the Human Lung

The Effect of Lung Function and Mode of Inhalation on Penetration of Aerosol into the Human Lung

Probing cytotoxicity of nanoparticles and organic compounds using scanning proton microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy

Variability of Tracheobronchial Clearance in Healthy Non-Smoking Subjects

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