Elicitor-induced phenolic acids accumulation in Salvia virgata Jacq. hairy root cultures

Abstract

Phenolic acids, as the predominant secondary metabolites of Salvia species, are largely used in pharmaceutical industries. The main aim of the study was to establish hairy root cultures of Salvia virgata Jacq. Also, the effects of methyl jasmonate (22.4 and 11.2 ppm), Ag + ions (5 and 2.5 ppm), and yeast extract (100 and 50 ppm) were assessed on total phenol, total avonoid, rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acid A, and caffeic acid contents in the hairy roots after 1, 3 and 5 days of exposure. Results showed the used Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains (A4, ATCC15834, R1000, GM1534, and C58C1) differed in their ability to induce hairy roots on leaf explants. The transformed roots were molecularly con rmed using rolC gene and the highest transformation frequency (56 %) was obtained by ATCC 15834 strain. Among the established hairy root lines, the highest amount of rosmarinic acid (0.45 ± 0.01 mg/g DW) and dry root biomass (2.29 ± 0.04 g) was obtained in AT3, the line which was induced by ATCC 15834 strain. The maximum accumulation of total phenol (123.6 ± 0.93 mg GAE/g DW), total avonoid (5.09 ± 0.07 mg QUE/g DW), rosmarinic acid (18.45 ± 0.8 mg/g DW), salvianolic acid A (2.11 ± 0.04 mg/g DW) and caffeic acid (2.61 ± 0.02 mg/g DW) was observed in the hairy roots elicited with 22.4 ppm methyl jasmonate on day three after treatment. The results support that elicitation could be an effective procedure for the improvement of caffeic acid derivatives production in S. virgata hairy root cultures.Furthermore, it has shown that RA and Sal-B could improve memory and cognitive impairment related to Alzheimer's disease (Shen et al. 2017;Gok et al. 2018). Chemically, CA is the basic structural unit of phenolic acids in Salvia species. Rosmarinic acid is an ester of CA and 3, 4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid, and Sal-B is identi ed as a dimmer of RA (Wang et al. 2019) (Fig. 1).Biosynthesis of phenolic acids occurs mainly via the phenylpropanoid and tyrosine-derived pathways (Di et al. 2013). Many of the encoding genes for the critical enzymes in the biosynthetic pathways of phenolic acids, including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H), hydroxycinnamate coenzyme A ligase (4CL), tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT), 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase (HPPR), rosmarinic acid synthase (RAS), and a cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase (CYP98A14), were identi ed in S. miltiorrhiza (Di et al. 2013;Zhang et al. 2014;Wang et al. 2015;Xing et al. 2018b).Due to the genetic stability, large biomass output, and high biosynthetic capacity, hairy root (HR) culture is considered as an alternative technique for secondary metabolite production, compared to native plant roots and cell/callus cultures (Hu and Du 2006;Ono and Tian 2011). Moreover, the application of HR cultures in many industrial and scienti c elds, including designing of bioreactors, recombinant protein production, phytoremediation, and metabolic and genetic engineering, has been reported (Ashihara et al. 2011;Doran 2013; Kuma 2018).It has demonstrated that the ...

Biotic Elicitors in Adventitious and Hairy Root Cultures: A Review from 2010 to 2022

“…The most frequently used elicitor in a particular family is MeJA in the Lamiaceae (20 cases) (Figure 3). The highest production value of a metabolite (123.6 mg/g DW) found in this work was observed in MeJA-elicited Salvia virgata, a member of the Lamiaceae [66] (Figure 4). The highest production value of a metabolite (123.6 mg/g DW) found in this work was observed in MeJA-elicited Salvia virgata, a member of the Lamiaceae [66] (Figure 4).…”

“…The highest production value of a metabolite (123.6 mg/g DW) found in this work was observed in MeJA-elicited Salvia virgata, a member of the Lamiaceae [66] (Figure 4). The highest production value of a metabolite (123.6 mg/g DW) found in this work was observed in MeJA-elicited Salvia virgata, a member of the Lamiaceae [66] (Figure 4). The maximum production value was reported by a research group from Iran using methyl jasmonate (123.6 mg/g DW) [66] (Figures S1 and S2).…”

“…In hairy root cultures, the most frequently used elicitor according to the databases is methyl jasmonate (62 studies), with phenolic compounds being the most studied group of secondary metabolites (61 studies) and alkaloids the least (21 studies) (Figure 1). In hairy roots, the highest production value of a phenolic compound was achieved when using MeJA (123.6 mg/g DW) [66], which is the highest value found for all the secondary metabolites. The highest production value for an alkaloid (60 mg/g DW) was obtained by treatment with ASA [56] and for terpenes JA (58.65 mg/g DW) [111] (Figure 2).…”

“…In hairy roots, the highest production value of a phenolic compound was achieved when using MeJA (123.6 mg/g DW) [66], which is the highest value found for all the secondary metabolites. The highest production value for an alkaloid (60 mg/g DW) was obtained by treatment with ASA [56] and for terpenes JA (58.65 mg/g DW) [111] (Figure 2).…”

Hairy Root Cultures as a Source of Phenolic Antioxidants: Simple Phenolics, Phenolic Acids, Phenylethanoids, and Hydroxycinnamates

“…The best results were achieved with MeJa (72 h) at a final concentration of 22.4 ppm. The elicited roots produced up to 18.5 mg/g DW of RA and up to 2.1 mg/g DW of salvianolic acid A [ 187 ]. MeJa at a final concentration of 400 μM and SA (50 μM) were applied to stimulate the growth and production of polyphenolics in the HRs of S. przewalskii.…”