Elicitation of Delayed Allergic Skin Reactions With Haptens: The Dependence of Elicitation on Hapten Combination With Protein

Abstract

Allergic skin reactions of the delayed type may be conveniently considered to involve two distinct processes: first, induction of the sensitized state, and second, elicitation of the allergic reaction in the sensitized individual. With regard to the induction of sensitization, it is generally believed that low molecular weight substances (haptens) can function effectively in this respect if they combine in vivo with tissue constituents, presumably proteins. This belief, which had long been reasonably maintained on the basis of analogy with the conditions required for the production of antisera by haptens, achieved a high degree of plausibility as a result of the systematic studies of Landsteiner and Jacobs (1, 2).The question as to whether hapten combination with protein is involved in the second process, namely, elicitation of the reaction, has received little attention. In many studies of the elicitation process, haptens which are homologous in structure to the hapten used for inducing sensitization often have produced widely divergent reactions: some homologues have elicited skin lesions, while other have not (3)(4)(5). This diversity of responses has been interpreted quite consistently in terms of specificity arising from the configurational conformity of the elicifing compound to the sensitizing hapten, little attention being paid to other factors that might modify the responses. However, from a consideration of these earlier studies, it appeared possible that, in addition to configurational features, at least one other factor--namely, combination of the eliciting hapten with protein--might be involved in accounting for the diverse responses sometimes obtained in eliciting reactions with haptens which are structurally similar to the substance used for inducing sensitization. Accordingly, we have sought to determine with a group of 2,4-dinitrophenyl compounds whether combination with protein is important in determining the effectiveness of haptens in producing delayed allergic skin lesions in sensitized guinea pigs and men.

Immunomodulation of Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Responses by Mesenchymal Stem Cells Is Associated with Bystander T Cell Apoptosis in the Draining Lymph Node

“…3, ear thickness in the mock-infused group increased by 3.5-fold compared with that of the unchallenged opposite ear, but infused MSCs completely suppressed ear swelling. The immune response for DTH is known to be mediated predominantly by T cells (35). Consistent with this notion, we found that apoptotic T cells were significantly increased in the draining LNs, and the infiltration of T cells in the inflamed site was markedly reduced in MSC-treated mice during the DTH response.…”

Occurrence of Delayed Hypersensitivity During the Development of Arthus Type Hypersensitivity

“…The importance of this route has been further emphasized by studies on sensitization to simple chemicals (13,14), wherein topical application in off of such substances as picryl chloride induces a delayed type of allergy. Also, when antigen-antibody complex is injected ~ia the intradermal route, greater delayed sensitivity is induced than when it is injected da the intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, or intramuscular route (1).…”

CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Priming for Contact Hypersensitivity Occurs Independently of CD40-CD154 Interactions

“…3 is a T cell-mediated immune response of the skin in sensitized individuals to subsequent contact with the sensitizing hapten (1,2). During sensitization for CHS, hapten-presenting Langerhans cells (hpLC) migrate to the skin-draining lymph nodes and prime the hapten-specific T cells, which mediate the response to hapten challenge (3)(4)(5).…”