Elevation of small, dense low density lipoprotein cholesterol—a possible antecedent of atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype in type 2 diabetes patients in Jos, North-Central Nigeria

Abstract

BackgroundThe global prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing. Dyslipidaemia is a known complication of diabetes mellitus manifesting frequently as cardiovascular diseases and stoke. Elevation of small, dense low density lipoprotein has been recognised as a component of the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype associated with cardiovascular complications. We speculate that the elevation of this lipoprotein particle may be the antecedent of the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. This study therefore aims to determine the pattern of dyslipidaemia among diabetes mellitus patients in Jos, North-Central Nigeria.MethodsOne hundred and seventy-six patients with type 2 diabetes and 154 age-matched controls were studied. The patients with diabetes were regular clinic attenders and had stable glycaemic control. None were on lipid-lowering therapy. Anthropometric indices, blood pressure, and lipids (including total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride) were measured by chemical methods using the Hitachi 902 analyzer. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol was calculated using the Friedewald’s equation. Small, dense low density lipoprotein cholesterol, −sdLDL-C was measured using the precipitation method by Hirano et al. Means of the different groups were compared using EPI Info and a P-value of <0.05 was accepted as significant difference.ResultsTotal cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride and small, dense lipoprotein cholesterol were all significantly higher in diabetes patients than controls except high density lipoprotein cholesterol. The percentage of LDL-C as sdLDL-C among the diabetes versus control group was 45% ± 17.79 v 32.0% ± 15.93. Serum sdLDL-C concentration was determined to be 1.45 ± 0.64 among diabetes patients and 0.8 ± 0.54 among control subjects. 75% of diabetes patients had hypertension and were taking blood pressure lowering medications.ConclusionThe classical atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype was not demonstrated among subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus in this study, but the elevation of serum small dense low density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with sustained hypertension suggests the establishment of atherogenic complications among our diabetes patients.

MassARRAY Multigene Screening Combined with LDL-C and sdLDL-C Detection for more Favorable Outcomes in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Therapy

“…Previous researches showed that diabetes patients had higher sdLDL-C levels [12,13], in our study, this result was con rmed. The LDL-C and sdLDL-C subfractions of 352 T2DM patients and 48 healthy people were analyzed, Pattern A had no obvious difference between T2DM patients and healthy people while Pattern B had higher expression in T2DM patients and had obvious differences (p < 0.001) (Fig.…”

“…Previous researches found that sdLDL-C levels were signi cantly higher in diabetes patients than in nondiabetic individuals [12,13]. To determine the expression of LDL-C and sdLDL-C in T2DM patients and healthy people, the Quantimetrix Lipoprint system was used for plasma sample analysis following the protocol.…”

MassARRAY multigene screening combined with LDL-C and sdLDL-C detection for more favorable outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus therapy

“…Previous researches showed that diabetes patients had higher sdLDL-C levels [12,13], in our study, this result was con rmed. The LDL-C and sdLDL-C subfractions of 352 T2DM patients and 48 healthy people were analyzed, Pattern A had no obvious difference between T2DM patients and healthy people while Pattern B had higher expression in T2DM patients and had obvious differences (p < 0.001) (Fig.…”

“…Previous researches found that sdLDL-C levels were signi cantly higher in diabetes patients than in nondiabetic individuals [13,14]. To determine the expression of LDL-C and sdLDL-C in T2DM patients and healthy people, the Quantimetrix Lipoprint system was used for plasma sample analysis following the protocol.…”

“…Mean 10-year follow-up data in nondiabetic rst-degree relatives (FDR) of consecutive patients with T2DM 30-70 years old showed that a higher LDL-C level was signi cantly associated with a higher risk of T2DM in high-risk individuals in Iran [12]. Total cholesterol, LDL-C, triglyceride and small dense LDL-C (sdLDL-C) levels were all signi cantly higher in diabetes patients than in nondiabetic individuals, and the elevation of serum sdLDL-C in patients with sustained hypertension suggests the establishment of atherogenic complications among diabetes patients [13,14]. Therefore, the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia is a cornerstone of diabetes mellitus management.…”