Elevation of plasma cortisol during the spawning migration of landlocked kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka kennerlyi)

Carruth, Laura L.; Dores, Robert M.; Maldonado, Tammy A.; Norris, David O.; Ruth, Tina; Jones, Richard E.

doi:10.1016/s0742-8413(00)00140-7

Cited by 55 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In salmonids, sustained increases in cortisol levels are also associated with social subordination (Gilmour et al 2005) and with specific phases of the life cycle such as smolting (Nilsen et al 2008) and sexual maturation (Fuzzen et al 2011). In fact, plasma cortisol levels can reach several hundred ng/ml and remain elevated for weeks to months in sexually mature and migrating Pacific salmon (Carruth et al 2000, Hinch et al 2006, Westring et al 2008. As such, our findings contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the dynamic changes in food intake, growth and energy mobilization that characterize various chronic stressors and life history transitions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic cortisol and the regulation of food intake and the endocrine growth axis in rainbow trout

Madison

Tavakoli

Krämer

et al. 2015

Journal of Endocrinology

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To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms by which cortisol suppresses growth during chronic stress in fish, we characterized the effects of chronic cortisol on food intake, mass gain, the expression of appetite-regulating factors, and the activity of the GH/IGF axis. Fish given osmotic pumps that maintained plasma cortisol levels at w70 or 116 ng/ml for 34 days were sampled 14, 28 and 42 days post-implantation. Relative to shams, the cortisol treatments reduced food intake by 40-60% and elicited marked increases in liver leptin (lep-a1) and brain preoptic area (POA) corticotropin-releasing factor (crf) mRNA levels. The cortisol treatments also elicited 40-80% reductions in mass gain associated with increases in pituitary gh, liver gh receptor (ghr), liver igfI and igf binding protein (igfbp)-1 and -2 mRNA levels, reduced plasma GH and no change in plasma IGF1. During recovery, while plasma GH and pituitary gh, liver ghr and igfI gene expression did not differ between treatments, the high cortisol-treated fish had lower plasma IGF1 and elevated liver igfbp1 mRNA levels. Finally, the cortisol-treated fish had higher plasma glucose levels, reduced liver glycogen and lipid reserves, and muscle lipid content. Thus, our findings suggest that the growth-suppressing effects of chronic cortisol in rainbow trout result from reduced food intake mediated at least in part by increases in liver lep-a1 and POA crf mRNA, from sustained increases in hepatic igfbp1 expression that reduce the growth-promoting actions of the GH/IGF axis, and from a mobilization of energy reserves.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic cortisol and the regulation of food intake and the endocrine growth axis in rainbow trout

Madison

Tavakoli

Krämer

et al. 2015

Journal of Endocrinology

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“…In fact, lactate concentrations were closer to values observed in captive adult sockeye salmon at rest in a swim tunnel respirometer (;2 mmol/L) than those observed following exercise to U crit (6 mmol/L; Jain et al 1998;Wagner et al 2006). Plasma cortisol levels were elevated relative to what would be considered an unstressed condition, though this was to be expected as cortisol plays an important role in reproductive maturation and is naturally elevated during spawning migrations (Carruth et al 2000(Carruth et al , 2002. Indeed, plasma cortisol levels were consistent with those reported in other sockeye salmon populations nearing spawning grounds (Crossin et al 2008), as were Hct levels (Magnoni et al 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…WilcoxonKruskal-Wallis tests were used where data did not meet parametric assumptions. Exploratory analysis of data revealed a sex-specific difference in cortisol, a hormone which changes over the course of migration with sexual maturity (Carruth et al 2000(Carruth et al , 2002 and has previously been reported to be higher in mature female sockeye salmon (Kubokawa et al 1999). Therefore, cortisol measures were compared separately by sex among each of the three discharges.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Similarly, hematocrit (Hct; the percent of packed red cell volume) can become elevated following vigorous aerobic exercise (Gallaugher et al 1992). We also examined plasma cortisol, as increased concentrations may occur following exposure to a stressor or vigorous swimming activity (Wendelaar Bonga 1997), although it also increases naturally during spawning migrations of salmon (Carruth et al 2000).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comparison of the Physiological Condition, and Fishway Passage Time and Success of Migrant Adult Sockeye Salmon at Seton River Dam, British Columbia, under Three Operational Water Discharge Rates

Pon

Hinch

Cooke

et al. 2009

N American J Fish Manag

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Abstract.-We investigated the effect of changes in water discharge from the Seton River Dam, British Columbia, on the physiological condition, passage time, and passage success of adult migrant sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka. Sockeye salmon were intercepted and nonlethally biopsied for blood plasma and energy status. A subset of these fish were fitted with radio transmitters and tracked under three different operational attraction flow levels. Indices of physiological stress and exhaustive exercise (e.g., plasma cortisol, glucose, lactate, osmolality, and hematocrit) did not differ among the attraction flow discharge levels that were examined, nor did they differ appreciably from those of other adult Fraser River sockeye salmon studied during upriver migrations in areas of natural, nonregulated flows. In fact, the fish appeared relatively unstressed after dam passage. Passage time was significantly longer (19.9 h) under intermediate discharge (12.7 m 3 /s) than under high (15.8 m 3 /s) or low (11.0 m 3 /s) discharges (9.3 and 7.0 h, respectively) but did not differ between high-and low-discharge periods. No differences in passage success or fishway ascent time were observed among the three discharges. Though we suspect that unique flow conditions were responsible for the longer passage time during intermediate discharge, a detailed hydraulic analysis is needed to further interpret our results.

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“…Together with the marked elevation in circulating gonadotropins (Tables 2 and 3; Hruska et al 2010;Jeffries et al 2011), which are known to upregulate tumor necrosis factor (Clark and Atwood 2011) and subsequently glucocorticoid synthesis (Villar et al 2013), there is a large growth of the adrenal glands that produce very high concentrations of glucocorticoids which has been postulated to drive tissue degeneration/dysfunction and death of salmon (Carruth et al 2000;Finch 1990;Hruska et al 2010). A similar adrenocortical mechanism impacting immune function has been proposed for the post-mating deaths of males from dasyurid marsupials (Antechinus stuartii and A. favipes) of eastern Australia (Bradley et al 1980;McDonald et al 1981), although in the larger dasyurid Dasyurus hallucatus, there is no evidence of elevated corticosteroid levels during male die-off (Oakwood et al 2001).…”

Section: Ratio Of Sex Steroid/gonadotropin As a Measure Of Dyotic Sigmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does the degree of endocrine dyscrasia post-reproduction dictate post-reproductive lifespan? Lessons from semelparous and iteroparous species

et al. 2017

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Post-reproductive lifespan varies greatly among species; human post-reproductive lifespan comprises~30-50% of their total longevity, while semelparous salmon and dasyurid marsupials post-reproductive lifespan comprises <4% of their total longevity. To examine if the magnitude of hypothalamic-pituitarygonadal (HPG) axis dyscrasia at the time of reproductive senescence determines post-reproductive lifespan, we examined the difference between pre-and postreproductive (1) circulating sex hormones and (2) the ratio of sex steroids to gonadotropins (e.g., 17β-estradiol/follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)), an index of the dysregulation of the HPG axis and the level of dyotic (death) signaling post-reproduction. Animals with a shorter post-reproductive lifespan (<4% total longevity) had a more marked decline in circulating sex steroids and corresponding elevation in gonadotropins compared to animals with a longer post-reproductive lifespan (30-60% total longevity). In semelparous female salmon of short post-reproductive lifespan (1%), these divergent changes in circulating hormone concentration postreproduction equated to a 711-fold decrease in the ratio of 17β-estradiol/FSH between the reproductive and post-reproductive periods. In contrast, the decrease in the ratio of 17β-estradiol/FSH in iteroparous female mammals with long post-reproductive lifespan was significantly less (1.7-34-fold) post-reproduction. Likewise, in male semelparous salmon, the decrease in the ratio of testosterone/FSH (82-fold) was considerably larger than for iteroparous species (1.3-11-fold). These results suggest that (1) organisms with greater reproductive endocrine dyscrasia more rapidly undergo senescence and die, and (2) the contribution postreproduction by non-gonadal (and perhaps gonadal) tissues to circulating sex hormones dictates postreproductive tissue health and longevity. In this way, reproduction and longevity are coupled, with the degree of non-gonadal tissue hormone production dictating the rate of somatic tissue demise post-reproduction and the differences in post-reproductive lifespans between species.

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Elevation of plasma cortisol during the spawning migration of landlocked kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka kennerlyi)

Cited by 55 publications

References 33 publications

Chronic cortisol and the regulation of food intake and the endocrine growth axis in rainbow trout

Chronic cortisol and the regulation of food intake and the endocrine growth axis in rainbow trout

A Comparison of the Physiological Condition, and Fishway Passage Time and Success of Migrant Adult Sockeye Salmon at Seton River Dam, British Columbia, under Three Operational Water Discharge Rates

Does the degree of endocrine dyscrasia post-reproduction dictate post-reproductive lifespan? Lessons from semelparous and iteroparous species

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