Elevation of jugular venous superoxide anion radical is associated with early inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial injury in forebrain ischemia–reperfusion rats

Xanthine oxidase is one of the major sources of superoxide anion radicals in blood after reperfusion in rats with forebrain ischemia/reperfusion

“…In the rat with FBI/R, we have shown that O 2 -· generation is elevated in the jugular vein after reperfusion with our real-time quantitative O 2 -· analysis system (Aki et al, 2009). This fact was confirmed in the present study.…”

“…The current measured by the sensor correlates strongly with the hitting frequency of O 2 -· on the surface of the sensor in the circulating blood (Yuasa et al, 2005a;Fujita et al, 2009). Using this method, we have shown that O 2 -· is increased in the jugular veins of rats with forebrain ischemia-reperfusion (FBI/R) during the ischemia and reperfusion periods (Aki et al, 2009).…”

“…The current measured by the sensor correlates strongly with the hitting frequency of O 2 -· on the surface of the sensor in the circulating blood (Yuasa et al, 2005a;Fujita et al, 2009). Using this method, we have shown that O 2 -· is increased in the jugular veins of rats with forebrain ischemia-reperfusion (FBI/R) during the ischemia and reperfusion periods (Aki et al, 2009). The generation of O 2 -· also correlates with both brain and plasma high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), which is a key cytokine during early inflammation in the pathophysiology of cerebral 7 ischemia-reperfusion (Kim et al, 2006(Kim et al, , 2008Qiu et al, 2008;Aki et al, 2009).…”

“…Recently, we developed an in vivo real-time quantitative O 2 -· analysis system with an all-synthetic electrochemical O 2 -· sensor (Yuasa and Oyaizu, 2005;Yuasa et al, 2005a,b;Aki et al, 2009;Fujita et al, 2009). The current measured by the sensor correlates strongly with the hitting frequency of O 2 -· on the surface of the sensor in the circulating blood (Yuasa et al, 2005a;Fujita et al, 2009).…”

“…Using this method, we have shown that O 2 -· is increased in the jugular veins of rats with forebrain ischemia-reperfusion (FBI/R) during the ischemia and reperfusion periods (Aki et al, 2009). The generation of O 2 -· also correlates with both brain and plasma high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), which is a key cytokine during early inflammation in the pathophysiology of cerebral 7 ischemia-reperfusion (Kim et al, 2006(Kim et al, , 2008Qiu et al, 2008;Aki et al, 2009). Furthermore, excessive production of O 2 -· after ischemia-reperfusion was associated with early inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial activation in the brain and plasma (Aki et al, 2009).…”