ELEVATION OF CYCLIC GMP LEVELS IN CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM BY EXCITATORY AND INHIBITORY AMINO ACIDS<sup>1</sup>

Ferrendelli, James A.; Chang, Min; Kinscherf, Dorothy A.

doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1974.tb06890.x

Cited by 251 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Finally, it has been shown that calcium is important in the regulation of the intracellular level of guanosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) (40). In the cerebellum of mice it has been found that depolarizing agents such as veratridine and ouabain or an increase in extracellular potassium raise the level of cGMP only in the presence of extracellular calcium (41,42). These data are supported by experiments in the bovine superior cervical ganglion (43) …”

Section: Abstracrsupporting

confidence: 69%

Tetrodotoxin-resistant dendritic spikes in avian Purkinje cells.

Llinás¹,

Hess²

1976

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

206

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Comparative studies of cerebellar electrophysiology indicated that surface stimulation of the cerebellar cortex evokes a sharp, superficial, positive-negative wave produced by direct stimulation of the parallel fibers, followed by a secondary negativity (cf. ref. 4). In most vertebrates this latter negativity, which is produced by the activation of the parallel fiber-Purkinje cell junction, reverses to a positive wave at 100 gm depth and remains positive throughout the depth of the molecular layer. The above comparative study further determined that in pigeons, as in alligators (2), the superficial negativity does not reverse in depth. This particular distribution of the late negative wave has been found to be correlated with the active current sinks which characterize dendritic electroresponsiveness in the cerebellar cortex (2, 3).The Fig. 1A. Analysis of the laminar field potential confirmed the presence of large negative potentials attributable to inward ionic transmembrane current in the molecular layer between 100 and 300 ,m from the surface. Characteristically, this negative field demonstrated a shift in latency with depth, as indicated by the second broken line in the figure. This delay has been interpreted as the conduction time of dendritic current sinks from their site of origin to the somatic level (2).Following Loc stimulation it is possible to obtain, at 400 ,m depth, intrasomatically recorded spikes from Purkinje cells which are identified by their antidromic invasion (3, 5). These intracellular records are characterized by a resting potential of -60 to -65 mV and by the generation of increasing numbers of action potentials as the Loc stimulus intensity is increased (Fig. 1B) (Fig. 1G). As reported for the alligator, hyperpolarizing current pulses injected through the recording pipette uncovered several distinct all-or-nothing components, indicating that these action potentials had more than one site of spike initiation (Fig. 1). As in other Purkinje cells (3), the dendritic spikes thus appear to be conducted to the soma in a noncontinuous manner and produce, at that level, the prolonged after-depolarization seen in Fig. 1B

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Section: Abstracrsupporting

confidence: 69%

Tetrodotoxin-resistant dendritic spikes in avian Purkinje cells.

Llinás¹,

Hess²

1976

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

206

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“…The elevation of cGMP in all of the dark-adapted photoreceptor layers suggests that the cGMP elevation is related to some event or process that occurs throughout the cell. This might be the depolarization that occurs in the dark (13,14), since cellular depolarization has been shown to elevate cGMP in other central nervous tissue (15)(16)(17).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of 3':5'-cyclic AMP and 3':5'-cyclic GMP in rabbit retina in vivo: selective effects of dark and light adaptation and ischemia.

Orr¹,

Lowry²,

Cohen³

et al. 1976

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

110

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By use of highly sensitive radioimmunoassays, 3':5'-cyclic AMP (cAMP) and 3':5'-cyclic GMP (cGMP) were measured in individual layers of light-and dark-adapted rabbit retinas, and the effects of ischemia were determined. In lightadapted retinas, cGMP levels ranged 50-fold, with over 90% of the total concentrated in the photoreceptor cells. The layer of outer segments contained 95 gmol/kg of dry weight, or three times the concentration present in the remainder of the photoreceptor cell layers. By contrast, levels of cAMP varied only 4-fold; the lowest level (6 gmol/kg of dry weight) was found in the outer segment layer and the highest level (22 ;mol/kg of dry weight) in the inner segment layer of the photoreceptor cells. Dark adaptation elevated cGMP levels only in retinal layers containing photoreceptor cells, and the greatest proportional increase was observed in the synaptic layer of photoreceptor cells. Dark adaptation also caused increases of cAMP that were restricted to the outer plexiform and outer nuclear layers. Ischemia lowered cGMP levels, but only in retinal layers containing photoreceptor cells, and elevated cAMP levels, primarily in the inner layers of the retina. emia was studied. The findings demonstrate that the cyclic nucleotides are discretely localized in retinas and that both light exposure and ischemia produce regionally selective changes in their levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tissue Preparation. Randomly bred, 6-month-old pigmented rabbits were obtained locally. Light adaptation consisted of 1 hr of exposure to two 100-watt tungsten bulbs about 25 cm above the rabbits. After the photopic stimulation, the rabbits were killed by decapitation. The eyes were removed, and after various ischemic periods in room light, were quickly frozen in liquid N2 cooled to its freezing point by partial evaporation under reduced pressure. Consequently, the liquid N2 does not boil when the eyes are immersed, and freezing is quicker. Dark adaptation consisted of an overnight period in cages wrapped with black cloth and placed in a completely dark room. After decapitation in this room, the dark-adapted eyes were dissected free with the aid of an infrared light source and an infrared image converter, and after various periods, were frozen in the dark as above. Under the most ideal conditions it required 1 min (46-69 sec) to remove and freeze either the light-or dark-adapted eyes. All eyes were stored at -70°until sectioned. Tangential sections (6 ,m) of the retinas were cut at -20°and dried at -400 under reduced pressure. Sections were taken from the paracentral regions of the retina, and care was taken to avoid that portion underlying the myelinated fiber bundle. Paracentral areas of rabbit retina are poorly vacularized (9). Samples (0.03-0.9 ,g dry weight) were dissected from the individual retinal layers and weighed on a quartz-fiber balance (10). Stained, undissected retinal sections were used to help identify individual layers.Assay of cGMP and cAMP. The procedures used for extraction and radioimmunoas...

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“…The present data suggest that the rise in cyclic AMP could be caused by/or after the release of intracellular catecholamine. Ferrendelli et al (26) observed an increase in both cyclic AMP and GMP levels after the release of intracellular substances in mouse cerebellum slices stimulated by depolarizing agents.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on Cyclic Nucleotides in the Adrenal Gland V. Adenylate Cyclase in the Adrenal Medulla

Shima

Kawashima

Hirai

et al. 1976

Japanese Journal of Pharmacology

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Abstract-Effects of various chemical agents eliciting the catecholamine-release on the adenylate cyclase-cyclic AMP generating system have been studied in the secretory process of the bovine adrenal medulla slices. Cyclic AMP levels were not affected at the interval of the maximal increase of the catecholamine-release by acetylcholine, but increased gradually some time after the end of the release/or at the beginning of the restoration of catecholamine in the medulla tissue. This delayed increase in the medullary cyclic AMP is not attributed to a direct involvement in 'stimulus-secretion coupling process' of the medullary secretion, but rather may be caused by release of intracellular catecholamine.

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ELEVATION OF CYCLIC GMP LEVELS IN CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM BY EXCITATORY AND INHIBITORY AMINO ACIDS¹

Cited by 251 publications

References 10 publications

Tetrodotoxin-resistant dendritic spikes in avian Purkinje cells.

Tetrodotoxin-resistant dendritic spikes in avian Purkinje cells.

Distribution of 3':5'-cyclic AMP and 3':5'-cyclic GMP in rabbit retina in vivo: selective effects of dark and light adaptation and ischemia.

Studies on Cyclic Nucleotides in the Adrenal Gland V. Adenylate Cyclase in the Adrenal Medulla

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ELEVATION OF CYCLIC GMP LEVELS IN CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM BY EXCITATORY AND INHIBITORY AMINO ACIDS1

Cited by 251 publications

References 10 publications

Tetrodotoxin-resistant dendritic spikes in avian Purkinje cells.

Tetrodotoxin-resistant dendritic spikes in avian Purkinje cells.

Distribution of 3':5'-cyclic AMP and 3':5'-cyclic GMP in rabbit retina in vivo: selective effects of dark and light adaptation and ischemia.

Studies on Cyclic Nucleotides in the Adrenal Gland V. Adenylate Cyclase in the Adrenal Medulla

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ELEVATION OF CYCLIC GMP LEVELS IN CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM BY EXCITATORY AND INHIBITORY AMINO ACIDS¹