Elevation as indicator of mantle-plume activity

Şengör, A. M. Celâl

doi:10.1130/0-8137-2352-3.183

Cited by 68 publications

(35 citation statements)

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“…The Ethiopian Ashangi basalts and their lateral equivalents are capped by a regional peneplain and in northern Ethiopia an associated thick laterite horizon (Zanettin et al 1978;Coleman 1993;Ş engör 2001). Similar laterites are present in Yemen and southern Sudan between the Early Oligocene basalts and the sub-cropping basement or Mesozoic strata (Davison et al 1994;Al-Subbary et al 1998;Kenea et al 2001).…”

Section: Afar and The Ethiopian Plateaumentioning

confidence: 83%

Early magmatism in the greater Red Sea rift: timing and significance

Bosworth¹,

Stöckli

2016

Can. J. Earth Sci.

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Throughout the greater Red Sea rift system the initial late Cenozoic syn-rift strata and extensional faulting are closely associated with alkali basaltic volcanism. Older stratigraphic units are either pre-rift or deposited during pre-rupture mechanical weakening of the lithosphere. The East African superplume appeared in northeast Africa ϳ46 Ma but was not accompanied by any significant extensional faulting. Continental rifting began in the eastern and central Gulf of Aden at ϳ31-30 Ma coeval with the onset of continental flood volcanism in northern Ethiopia, Eritrea, and western Yemen. Volcanism appeared soon after at Derudeb in southern Sudan and at Harrats Hadan and As Sirat in Saudi Arabia. From ϳ26.5 to 25 Ma a new phase of volcanism began with the intrusion of a dike field reaching southeast of Afar into the Ogaden. At 24-23 Ma dikes were emplaced nearly simultaneously north of Afar and reached over 2000 km into northern Egypt. The dike event linked Afar to the smaller Cairo mini-plume and corresponds to initiation of lithospheric extension and rupture in the central and northern Red Sea and Gulf of Suez. By ϳ21 Ma the dike intrusions along the entire length of the Red Sea were completed. Each episodic enlargement of the greater Red Sea rift system was triggered and facilitated by breakthrough of mantle-derived plumes. However, the absence of any volumetrically significant rift-related volcanism during the main phase of Miocene central and northern Red Sea -Gulf of Suez rifting supports the interpretation that plate-boundary forces likely drove overall separation of Arabia from Africa.Résumé : Dans l'ensemble du grand système du rift de la mer Rouge, les strates initiales syn-rifting et l'extension par failles d'âge cénozoïque tardif sont étroitement associées à un volcanisme basaltique alcalin. Les unités stratigraphiques plus anciennes précèdent la formation du rift ou ont été déposées durant l'affaiblissement mécanique de la lithosphère qui a précédé la rupture. Le superpanache est-africain est apparu dans le nord-est de l'Afrique à ϳ46 Ma, mais n'était pas accompagné d'une importante déformation par failles. Le rifting continental a commencé dans l'est et le centre du golfe d'Aden à ϳ31-30 Ma, en même temps que le début du volcanisme continental de plateau dans le nord de l'Éthiopie, en Érythrée et dans l'ouest du Yémen. Le volcanisme est apparu peu après à Derudeb, dans le sud du Soudan, et aux Harrats Hadan et As Sirat, en Arabie saoudite. À partir de ϳ26,5-25 Ma, une nouvelle phase de volcanisme a débuté avec l'intrusion d'un essaim de dykes allant du sud-est d'Afar jusque dans l'Ogaden. À 24-23 Ma, des dykes ont été mis en place presque simultanément au nord d'Afar et s'étalant sur plus de 2000 km jusque dans le nord de l'Égypte. L'intrusion de dykes a relié Afar au mini-panache plus petit du Caire et correspond au début de la distension et de la rupture lithosphériques dans le centre et le nord de la mer Rouge et le golfe de Suez. À ϳ21 Ma, l'intrusion de dykes sur toute la longueur de ...

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Section: Afar and The Ethiopian Plateaumentioning

confidence: 83%

Early magmatism in the greater Red Sea rift: timing and significance

Bosworth¹,

Stöckli

2016

Can. J. Earth Sci.

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“…7). Therefore, we suggest that the Dead Sea Transform was localized within an old defor ma tion zone, probably a remnant from from Precambrian postorogenic deformation (Garfunkel, 1970;Adamson et al, 1992;Menzies et al, 1997;Segev et al, 1999;Şengör, 2001;Bosworth et al, 2005).…”

Section: Post-regional Truncation Surface Late Oligocene-early Miocenmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…11A) (Cloos, 1953;Burke, 1996;Ziegler, 2001;Şengör, 2001;Segev, 2002;Bosworth et al, 2005;Krienitz et al, 2009). Eruptions of magmas in Tanzania and Kenya started during the Eocene (ca.…”

Section: The Morphotectonic Relations Between the Southern Levant Andmentioning

confidence: 95%

Oligocene regional denudation of the northern Afar dome: Pre- and syn-breakup stages of the Afro-Arabian plate

Avni

Segev

Ginat

2012

Geological Society of America Bulletin

122

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A regional truncation surface developed during the Oligocene in the northern Red Sea and southern Levant as a result of the combined effects: (1) the formation of an ~3000 km × 1500 km crustal dome affecting the northeastern sector of the Afro-Arabian continent above the Afar plume, and (2) widespread fl uvial erosion that truncated the northern edge of this dome. The regional truncation surface separates two main stratigraphic divisions: (1) middle Eocene-early Oligocene prerift clastics preserved below the regional truncation surface and (2) late Oligo cene-Holocene Red Sea Supergroup deposited after the regional truncation surface developed. The prerifting sequence is composed of two major units: (1) Eocene marine intraformational debris fl ows (Themed clastics), and (2) fl uviolacustrine continental conglomerates, most of them monomictic (Mahatardi Conglomerate). The Red Sea Supergroup is composed of polymictic conglomerates, which include fragments of older rock units, down to the Precambrian. The reconstructed regional truncation surface and its subcrop map shed new light on the initial stages of the Afro-Arabian breakup, indicating two principal phases: (1) an Oligocene slow crustal doming, with reactivation of preexisting faults and the development of the regional truncation surface, all triggered by the upwelling of the Afar plume; and (2) late Oligo cene-early Miocene rifting of the Red Sea and Suez rift, which refaulted the region, including the initiation of the Dead Sea Transform along a preexisting suture line. This two-stage model indicates the mutual genetic relationship between the early Oligocene phase of tectonic development following the penetration of the Afar plume and the post-Oligocene rifting and continental breakup of the Afro-Arabian continent.

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“…Şengör (1995) and Şengör and Natal'in (2001) discussed diverse examples of such connections. The nature of the mechanism of propagation may be gravitational (Şengör, 2001) or any other cause that stretches the lithosphere (Şengör, 1995, 2001Şengör and Natal'in, 2001) or fluid injection from below (Bhattacharji and Koide, 1975;Casey et al, 2006). Courtillot (1982) discussed a possible geometry of such propagating tips in continental and oceanic areas; although he called the process he described propagation, McKenzie (1986) thought localization would be a more appropriate appellation.…”

Section: Triple Junctions and Ridge Propagationmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…In continents, three-armed rift stars (called rrr junctions formed of intracontinental rifts as opposed to RRR junctions formed of spreading centers: see Burke and Dewey, 1973; Fig. 2; Şengör, 1995, 2001Şengör and Natal'in, 2001) are sometimes connected to one another by the propagation one or more of their arms, and they thus split a continent. Şengör (1995) and Şengör and Natal'in (2001) discussed diverse examples of such connections.…”

Section: Triple Junctions and Ridge Propagationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Triple Junction

Şengör¹

2014

Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences

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Elevation as indicator of mantle-plume activity

Cited by 68 publications

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Early magmatism in the greater Red Sea rift: timing and significance

Early magmatism in the greater Red Sea rift: timing and significance

Oligocene regional denudation of the northern Afar dome: Pre- and syn-breakup stages of the Afro-Arabian plate

Triple Junction

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