Elevated salivary protein in Parkinson's disease and salivary DJ-1 as a potential marker of disease severity

Abstract

Introduction: There is an urgent need to identify robust biomarkers for Parkinson's disease (PD).

Saliva Liquid Biopsy for Point-of-Care Applications

“…When the miRNA expression profile in NPC and furthermore in other malignancies has been fully understood, early diagnosis and even screening of the disease may become a reality. These earlier studies beginning in 2004 and recent studies help pave a way to saliva being a useful diagnostic medium for a variety of contexts: Systemic diseases : many studies have been published to link salivary transcriptomic profiles to diseases affecting large populations: acute myocardial infarction (12–15), diabetes mellitus (16), Sjogren’s syndrome (17), developmental issues concerning premature neonates (18), cystic fibrosis (19, 20), and Parkinson’s disease (21–23). Based on a pilot study, matrix metalloproteinases may show elevated levels in saliva among patients with oral vesiculoerosive diseases acting as potential diagnostic markers or therapeutic targets (24).…”

Translational approaches to restoring mitochondrial function in Parkinson's disease

“…DJ-1 has also been assessed in saliva. Once saliva composition and total protein content had been accounted, there were similar levels in 16 PD cases and 22 controls in one study and 74 PD cases with 12 controls in a further study, with inconsistent correlation using various clinical scores of severity [99,100].…”

Systematic review and meta‐analysis of salivary protein concentration in Parkinson's disease

“…There has been recent interest in saliva as a fluid for biomarker discovery in Parkinson's disease (PD). Several studies, which focused on various aspects of saliva composition, have reported data on salivary protein concentration in patients with PD …”

“…Several studies, which focused on various aspects of saliva composition, have reported data on salivary protein concentration in patients with PD. [1][2][3] We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to combine data on protein concentration across these studies and assess the magnitude of difference between patients and controls. PubMed and EMBASE were searched for the terms "Parkinson's disease" and "saliva."…”

“…Our group has recently reported increases in salivary amylase among patients with PD, which suggests that increases in sublingual, submandibular, and parotid gland secretory activity may account for higher salivary protein concentrations, given that these glands are the main source of amylase in saliva. 3 One study in the meta-analysis attributed increased protein concentration to neuronal damage of the salivary glands' parasympathetic nerve terminals, suggested by raised concentrations of acetylcholinesterase in patient saliva. 2 Worse oral health has been reported among patients with PD, 5 and poor oral health has been shown to result in an increase in leakage of serum proteins into the oral cavity through the gingival crevice.…”