Elevated Mixed Layers in the Regional Severe Storm Environment: Conceptual Model and Case Studies

Carlson, Toby N.; Benjamin, Stanley G.; Forbes, Gregory S.; Li, Y.-F.

doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1983)111<1453:emlitr>2.0.co;2

Cited by 154 publications

(112 citation statements)

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“…Finally, foehn effects might additionally induce dry mid-tropospheric conditions. In summary, the specific air flow conditions favour a vertical moist/dry contrast which is conducive for severe convection (Fawbush and Miller, 1954;Carlson and Ludlam, 1968;Palmén and Newton, 1969;Carlson et al, 1983).…”

Section: Moisture Sourcementioning

confidence: 99%

Central European tornado environments as viewed from a potential vorticity and Lagrangian perspective

Graf

Sprenger

Moore

2011

Atmospheric Research

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Section: Moisture Sourcementioning

confidence: 99%

Central European tornado environments as viewed from a potential vorticity and Lagrangian perspective

Graf

Sprenger

Moore

2011

Atmospheric Research

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“…Therefore, the process of release of this potential instability has an important role in the development of deep convection over the Great Plains. Carlson et al (1983), and Lakhtakia and Warner (1987) found that intense deep convection occurred along the edge of this inversion area. Meanwhile, Neiman and Wakimoto (1999) showed that deep convection was generated when the inversion was destroyed by merging the propagating synoptic front and the dryline.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective Factors in the Development of Deep Convective Clouds over the Wet Region of Eastern China during the Summer Monsoon Season.

Shinoda

Uyeda

2002

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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A two-dimensional cloud-resolving model, including a supply of sensible and latent heat fluxes from the surface, is used to study the development of deep convective clouds over a southern region far from the Meiyu front (wet region) of eastern China. Some deep convective clouds were observed during the latter half of the GAME/HUBEX IOP (GEWEX Asian Monsoon Experiment/Huaihe River Basin Experiment Intensive Observation Periods, GEWEX: Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment) 1998, although there is less large-scale convergence over this region. Numerical simulations reproduce the development of deep convective clouds, and their generating/decaying time. The development process of a convective mixing layer and generation of shallow convective clouds around the top of this layer are also simulated.The results of sensitivity tests on the surface land-use (i.e., the supply of the sensible and latent heat fluxes) and the relative humidity in the middle troposphere, indicate that there are two effective factors in the development of deep convective clouds over this region. One is the large amount of latent heat flux from the surface, and the other is the moist environment in the middle troposphere. The latent heat flux from the surface supplies water vapor to generate convective clouds. Paddy fields can supply a large amount of latent heat flux into the lower atmosphere and are widely distributed over this region. On the other hand, the moist environment in the middle troposphere can cause shallow convective clouds to become deep because the positive buoyancy in the shallow convective clouds is not lost by the evaporation cooling of the entrained air mass. Additionally, this moist environment in the middle troposphere is formed by the development of shallow convective clouds, which transport water vapor from the convective mixing layer.

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“…These include lee troughs (Carlson 1961;Steenburgh and Mass 1994), dry lines (Fujita 1958;McGuire 1960;Schaefer 1974Schaefer , 1986, low-level jets (Bonner 1968;Djuric and Damiani 1980;Djuric and Ladwig 1983), arctic fronts (Wexler 1936;Showalter 1939;Wang et al 1995), elevated mixed layers (Carlson et al 1983;Benjamin and Carlson 1986), and cold fronts aloft (Holtzmm 1936;Lichtblau 1936;Lloyd 1942;Omoto 1965;Hobbs et al 1990). In our conceptual model, these features are viewed as interdependent phenomena, produced by synoptic-scale waves moving eastward over the Rocky Mountains and interacting with warm, moist subtropical air from the Gulf of Mexico and cold, dry air from the Canadian Arctic.…”

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confidence: 99%

A New Conceptual Model for Cyclones Generated in the Lee of the Rocky Mountains

Hobbs¹,

Locatelli²,

Martin³

1996

Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.

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When a shortwave trough moves eastward over the Rocky Mountains and into the central United States, the following important features may form: a drytrough (i.e., a lee trough that also has the characteristics of a dryline), an arctic front, a low-level jet, and two synoptic-scale rainbands (called the cold front aloft rainband and the pre-drytrough rainband) that can produce heavy precipitation and severe weather well ahead of the drytrough. These features are incorporated into a new conceptual model for cyclones in the central United States. Use of this model can aid the interpretation of observational data and numerical model output, and it may also help to improve short-range forecasting in the central United States. Introductory remarksDespite the fact that the Norwegian Cyclone Model was based on maritime cyclones making landfall in northwestern Europe (Bjerknes and Solberg 1922), it has been applied essentially unchanged to cyclones in the central United States for 70 years (Friedman 1989;Mass 1991). This is not without some justification, since one of the main features of the Norwegian model are fronts demarcating airmasses, which are also a characteristic of cyclones in the central United States. However, in view of the unique geography of the central United States, it would not be surprising if cyclones in this region displayed structural differences from those in Europe.In this paper we present a new conceptual model for the structure and evolution of cyclones in the cen- Locatelli et al. (1989Locatelli et al. ( , 1995, Martin et al. (1990Martin et al. ( , 1995, Hobbs et al. (1990), andWang et al. (1995), as well as on regular observations of cyclones in the central United States. It is important to note that we are not proposing that all cyclones that form in the lee of the Rocky Mountains are described by our model. However, many cyclones that form in the winter, spring, and even into early summer, in the lee of the Rockies, and move eastward into the central United States, appear to be described better by the conceptual model presented here than by the Norwegian model. Our conceptual model highlights a number of important nonclassic features associated with cyclones in the central United States, some of which have been known for many years. These include lee troughs

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Elevated Mixed Layers in the Regional Severe Storm Environment: Conceptual Model and Case Studies

Cited by 154 publications

References 0 publications

Central European tornado environments as viewed from a potential vorticity and Lagrangian perspective

Central European tornado environments as viewed from a potential vorticity and Lagrangian perspective

Effective Factors in the Development of Deep Convective Clouds over the Wet Region of Eastern China during the Summer Monsoon Season.

A New Conceptual Model for Cyclones Generated in the Lee of the Rocky Mountains

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