Elevated matrix metalloproteinase‑9 expression is associated with COVID‑19 severity: A meta‑analysis

Ding, Ling; Guo, Haipeng; Zhang, Chao; Jin, Huixin; Guo, Xuyang; Li, Tong

doi:10.3892/etm.2023.12244

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 47 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The inflammatory response mediated by neutrophils and the activation of growth factors and TGF-β1 through MMP-9 further underscore its role in COVID-19 pathogenesis [ 8 , 18 , 24 ]. Notably, our findings align with literature indicating the potential involvement of MMP-9 in COVID-19 [ 8 , 26 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Differential Inflammatory Responses in Adult and Pediatric COVID-19 Patients: Implications for Long-Term Consequences and Anti-Inflammatory Treatment

Toczyłowski,

Lewandowski,

Martonik

et al. 2024

Med Sci Monit

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background COVID-19 manifests with varying degrees of severity across different age groups; adults typically experience more severe symptoms than children. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), known for their role in tissue remodeling and immune responses, may contribute to the pathophysiological disparities observed between these groups. We sought to delineate differences in serum MMP profiles between adult and pediatric COVID-19 patients, assess the influence of anti-inflammatory treatment on MMP levels, and examine potential implications for long-term consequences. Material/Methods Serum samples from adult and pediatric COVID-19 patients, alongside controls, were analyzed for MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-8, MMP-9, MMP-10, MMP-12, MMP-13, EMMPRIN, TNF-α, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, TIMP-3, and TIMP-4. A subset of adult patients received treatment with glucocorticoids, tocilizumab, and convalescent plasma, and MMP levels were compared with those of untreated patients. Results Elevated levels of MMP-1, MMP-7, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 were observed in adult and pediatric patients. Adult patients displayed higher concentrations of MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9, TNF-α, and TIMP-4 than children. Post-treatment reduction in MMP-1, MMP-8, MMP-9 levels was observed, with median decreases from 21% to 70%. MMP-3 and MMP-7 remained largely unchanged, and MMP-2 concentrations increased after treatment. Notably, anti-inflammatory treatment correlated with reduced post-treatment MMP levels, suggesting potential therapeutic benefit. Conclusions Distinctive inflammatory responses in COVID-19 were evident between adults and children. While certain MMPs exhibited post-treatment reduction, the persistence of elevated levels raises concerns about potential long-term consequences, including lung fibrosis. Our findings emphasize the need for personalized treatment strategies and further investigation into the dynamics of MMP regulation in COVID-19.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Differential Inflammatory Responses in Adult and Pediatric COVID-19 Patients: Implications for Long-Term Consequences and Anti-Inflammatory Treatment

Toczyłowski,

Lewandowski,

Martonik

et al. 2024

Med Sci Monit

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Here we show that MMP-9 is elevated in the serum of Long-COVID patients. Elevated serum MMP-9 levels have been reported in COVID-19 and were associated with severity (Ding et al, 2023;Savic et al, 2022). MMP-9 polymorphisms were also reported to increase the susceptibility to COVID-19, especially when accompanied by neurologic symptoms (Bonetto et al, 2022).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MMP-9 can cause vascular in ammation and increase BBB permeability (Dhanda and Sandhir, 2018). MMP-9 levels were elevated in the serum of COVID-19 patients and were associated with disease severity (Ding et al, 2023;Savic et al, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased Serum MMP-9 in Long-COVID May Reflect Activation of Microglia by SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein

Kempuraj,

Tsilioni,

Aenlle

et al. 2024

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Long-COVID is a major health concern because many patients develop chronic neuropsychiatric symptoms, but the precise pathogenesis is unknown. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) can disrupt neuronal connectivity and was elevated in patients with COVID-19. MMP-9 was measured in the serum of long COVID patients and healthy controls, as well as in the supernatant fluid of cultured human SV-40 microglia, by commercial ELISA. Results were analyzed with one-way ANOVA. MMP-9 in the serum of Long-COVID patients and supernatant fluid from cultured human microglia stimulated by recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein was assayed by ELISA. MMP-9 was significantly elevated in the serum of Long-COVID patients compared to healthy controls. Moreover, cultured human microglia released MMP-9 when stimulated by Spike protein. In conclusion, MMP-9 may contribute to the development of Long-COVID and serve both as a prognostic biomarker and as target for treatment.

show abstract

Elevated matrix metalloproteinase‑9 expression is associated with COVID‑19 severity: A meta‑analysis

Cited by 2 publications

References 47 publications

Differential Inflammatory Responses in Adult and Pediatric COVID-19 Patients: Implications for Long-Term Consequences and Anti-Inflammatory Treatment

Differential Inflammatory Responses in Adult and Pediatric COVID-19 Patients: Implications for Long-Term Consequences and Anti-Inflammatory Treatment

Increased Serum MMP-9 in Long-COVID May Reflect Activation of Microglia by SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About