2017
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00531
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Elevated Levels of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Multiple Sclerosis Patients

Abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disease characterized by chronic brain inflammation. Leukocyte infiltration of brain tissue causes inflammation, demyelination, and the subsequent formation of sclerotic plaques, which are a hallmark of MS. Activation of proinflammatory cytokines is essential for regulation of lymphocyte migration across the blood–brain barrier. We demonstrate increased levels of many cytokines, including IL-2RA, CCL5, CCL11, MIF, CXCL1, CXCL10, IFNγ, SCF, and TRAIL, w… Show more

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Cited by 123 publications
(108 citation statements)
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“…MS is a chronic inflammatory demyelination disease. Evidence suggests that leukocytes cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and localize in lesions of the CNS (Khaibullin et al, ). To further detect the effect of miR‐1896 and miR‐409‐3p on the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the CNS of EAE mice, H&E staining was performed in sections of brain tissues and spinal cords.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…MS is a chronic inflammatory demyelination disease. Evidence suggests that leukocytes cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and localize in lesions of the CNS (Khaibullin et al, ). To further detect the effect of miR‐1896 and miR‐409‐3p on the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the CNS of EAE mice, H&E staining was performed in sections of brain tissues and spinal cords.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In conjunction with our data showing decreased expression of BRCC3 at the lesion site of the brain sections prepared from MS patients, an unresolved question is whether the demyelinating micro‐environmental factor(s) inhibited BRCC3 expression in OPCs or in OLs. Changes in the levels of several cytokines have been detected in the CSF from patients with MS (Khaibullin et al, ). For instance, the level of IL‐1β was decreased in the CSF from patients with MS compared to the control group (Khaibullin et al, ).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Changes in the levels of several cytokines have been detected in the CSF from patients with MS (Khaibullin et al, ). For instance, the level of IL‐1β was decreased in the CSF from patients with MS compared to the control group (Khaibullin et al, ). BRCC3 expression was upregulated in the OL cultures treated with IL‐1β in the present study (Figure S5), indicating that the downregulation of BRCC3 at the lesion site might be due to the decrease in IL‐1β levels.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Arachidonic acid is a membrane omega-6 fatty acid molecule released in the cytoplasm by the hydrolytic activity of the cytosolic phospholipase A 2 (cPLA 2 ) (Figure 1). It has been shown that the concentration of several molecules that activate cPLA 2 , such as reactive oxygen species and cytokines, is increased in multiple sclerosis (11)(12)(13)(14). After being released into the cytoplasm, arachidonic acid is metabolized by the activity of cyclooxygenases (COXs) 1 and 2 into prostacyclins, prostaglandins (PGs), and thromboxanes (TXs), and by the lipoxygenases (LOXs), 5-LOX, 12-LOX and/or 15-LOX into leukotrienes (LTs) and lipoxins (LXs).…”
Section: Activation Of the Arachidonic Acid Cascade In Multiple Sclermentioning
confidence: 99%