Elevated Equilibrium Geotherm in Stable Continental Shield: Evidence From Integrated Structural, Hydrological, and Electromagnetic Studies on Nonvolcanic Hot Springs in the Eastern Ghats Belt, India

Abstract

Nonvolcanic hot springs occur within Neoproterozoic granulites of the tectonically stable Eastern Ghats Belt in the Indian shield. Penetrative granulite facies planar structural fabrics in the northern Eastern Ghats Belt are reoriented within an E‐W striking, northerly dipping ductile shear zone that is subsequently dissected by WNW‐ESE trending, subvertical pseudotachylite‐bearing faults and fractures. Tube and dug wells in the area yield both thermal (~60 °C) and nonthermal (~28 °C) water. Chemical analyses reveal that the thermal water is richer in Na+, K+, and Cl−, with lower bicarbonate content. Stable isotope analyses (δ2H and δ18O) of the thermal and nonthermal waters both plot on the Global Meteoric Water Line; however, tritium and 14C ages indicate that the nonthermal water is relatively modern, while the thermal waters are older. This suggests that both waters come from distinct reservoirs. Very low frequency electromagnetic studies show that water circulates through the WNW‐ESE trending fracture systems but also exists in isolated pockets within the crystalline country rock. Heat production studies reveal that some host rocks have exceptionally high heat‐producing element concentrations, primarily as thorium within the minerals monazite and thorite. Meteoric waters entrapped for longer times near these heat‐producing element‐rich pockets undergo radiogenic heating, and are shielded from the nonthermal groundwater circulating within the fracture system. The high heat‐producing element distribution in the crust resulting from Neoproterozoic geological events has, thus, elevated the present‐day equilibrium geotherm in the Eastern Ghats Belt, forming sources for shallow‐level, nonvolcanic hot springs within a tectonically inactive terrane.

Reconstruction of Fault Architecture in the Natural Thermal Spring Area of Daruvar Hydrothermal System Using Surface Geophysical Investigations (Croatia)

“…Geological investigations in geothermal systems have been conducted at both regional and local scales, detailing the impact of the geological, structural, and hydrogeological settings on the fluid flow and temperature distribution [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Geothermal systems are dominantly controlled by systems of fault and fractures [11][12][13][14], since faults and their highly permeable damage zone are preferential pathways for the circulation of thermal fluids and their uprising [15][16][17].…”