Elevated Concentrations of Kynurenic Acid, a Tryptophan Derivative, in Dense Nuclear Cataracts

Żarnowski, Tomasz; Ręjdak, Robert; Zielinska–Rzecka, E.; Zrenner, Eberhart; Grieb, Paweł; Zagórski, Z; Jünemann, Anselm; Turski, Waldemar A.

doi:10.1080/02713680601090965

Cited by 23 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…2001, 2003) and in human, bovine and rabbit vitreous body (Żarnowski 2004). Recent study has shown presence of KYNA in human cataractous lens (Żarnowski et al. 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presence of KYNA has been documented in urine, serum, amniotic fluid (Milart & Sikorski 1998), cerebrospinal fluid (Swartz et al 1990), retina in rats, chickens, DBA ⁄ 2J mice (Rejdak et al 2001(Rejdak et al , 2003 and in human, bovine and rabbit vitreous body ( _ Zarnowski 2004). Recent study has shown presence of KYNA in human cataractous lens ( _ Zarnowski et al 2007). However, little is known about the role of KAT in cataract formation.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Presence and distribution of l-kynurenine aminotransferases immunoreactivity in human cataractous lenses

Ręjdak

Oleszczuk

Rummelt

et al. 2013

Acta Ophthalmologica

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ABSTRACT.Purpose: To investigate the presence and distribution of l-kynurenine aminotransferases immunoreactivity in human and animal lenses during cataract formation. Methods: Immunohistochemistry was conducted using polyclonal antibodies against KAT I, KAT II and KAT III on sections of 26 anterior capsules from patients undergoing surgical treatment of anterior subcapsular cataract (ASC) and 22 cataractous lenses from human eyes enucleated because of choroidal malignant melanoma. Additionally, the eyes of 11-month-old DBA ⁄ 2J mice (6 eyes) were investigated (with KAT I and II). Ten clear human lenses and four BL6 mice lenses were used as controls. Spatial immunoreactivity patterns of enzymes were compared with Periodic Acid -Schiff (PAS)-stained sections. Results: Immunohistochemical analysis revealed presence of KAT I, KAT II and KAT III in extracellular structures of all studied types of cataract in human eyes showing specific pattern of the stain. In cortical cataract, immunoreactivity was observed on cortical lens fibres. In nuclear cataract, KAT II revealed stronger and diffused staining than KAT I. Additionally, both KAT showed more pronounced staining at the edge of small clefts. In normal human lenses, KAT I, II and III, immunoreactivity was not observed. Presence of KAT I and KAT II in the intercellular substance of DBA ⁄ 2J mice cataract was observed. In BL6 mice lenses without cataract, only weak KAT I and KAT II staining was observed. Conclusions: Presence of l-kynurenine aminotransferases in extracellular matrix (ECM) during human cataract formation suggests that products of l-kynurenine pathway might be involved in mechanisms of cataractogenesis.

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“…2001, 2003) and in human, bovine and rabbit vitreous body (Żarnowski 2004). Recent study has shown presence of KYNA in human cataractous lens (Żarnowski et al. 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Presence and distribution of l-kynurenine aminotransferases immunoreactivity in human cataractous lenses

Ręjdak

Oleszczuk

Rummelt

et al. 2013

Acta Ophthalmologica

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“…A tryptophan-free diet induces cataracts in young Wistar rats, along with a significant decrease in lens weight and water-soluble lens protein [185]. Kynurenine is a breakdown product of tryptophan, and it has been suggested that kynurenine and its glycoside derivatives in the ocular lens protect the retina from UV light by absorbing UV radiation [186]. Kynurenine is present in excessive concentrations in cataracts [186].…”

Section: Cataracts and Melanomamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kynurenine is a breakdown product of tryptophan, and it has been suggested that kynurenine and its glycoside derivatives in the ocular lens protect the retina from UV light by absorbing UV radiation [186]. Kynurenine is present in excessive concentrations in cataracts [186].…”

Section: Cataracts and Melanomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Glyphosate, pathways to modern diseases IV: cancer and related pathologies

Samsel¹,

Seneff²

2015

JBPC

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“…In recent years, many researches have proven a significant role of the KP in the pathogenesis of several serious disorders, such as cancer, psychiatric, neurodegenerative and autoimmune system dysfunctions [ 3 ]. The examination of TRP metabolites levels has been studied in brain tissue and amniotic fluid [ 4 ], serum [ 5 , 6 ] cerebrospinal fluid [ 7 ], human cataracts’ lenses [ 8 ] and saliva of a diabetic patient [ 9 ]. There is also evidence that the KP pathway is connected with visual function as KYN and 3-OH-KYN glycoside derivatives act as UV filters and protect the retina and the lens by absorbing the UV radiation [ 8 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Tryptophan and Its Major Metabolites in Fluid from the Anterior Chamber of the Eye in Diabetic Patients with Cataract by Liquid Chromotography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)

et al. 2018

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Tryptophan (TRP) is to an essential amino acid and its catabolites are significant to human health. By using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS), levels of three major components of kynurenic pathway namely tryptophan (TRP), kynurenic acid (KYNA) and kynurenine (KYN) in fluid from the anterior chamber of the eye were determined. The analysis was carried out on a Synergi 4 μ Fusion-RP column using gradient elution mode. For quantitative determination, l-tryptophan-amino-15N, 99 ATOM % 15N was used as an internal standard. The method was linear in the concentration range 4–2000 ng mL−1 for TRP, KYNA and KYN. The mean recoveries measured at four concentration levels for TRP, KYN and KYNA included the following ranges 94.3–96.1; 91.0–95.0; and 96.0–97.6%, respectively. The intra-day precision parameters were smaller than 4.4, 6.4 and 5% respectively. The developed method was applied to study the level of TRP, KYNA and KYN in eye fluid for the retrospective case series which included 28 patients suffering from cataracts and diabetes (n = 8). The experimental data was subjected to statistical analysis. The Mann-Whitney U-test revealed clear differences in the level of TRP catabolites and the ratios of TRP/KYN representing the activities of specific enzyme of kynurenine pathway in examined groups of patients. A level of probability p < 0.05 was used throughout a paper to denote statistically significant differences between the groups.

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Elevated Concentrations of Kynurenic Acid, a Tryptophan Derivative, in Dense Nuclear Cataracts

Abstract: KYNA levels are elevated in senile nuclear human cataracts and in cataractous lenses of rats with experimentally induced diabetes.

Cited by 23 publications

References 33 publications

Presence and distribution of l-kynurenine aminotransferases immunoreactivity in human cataractous lenses

Presence and distribution of l-kynurenine aminotransferases immunoreactivity in human cataractous lenses

Glyphosate, pathways to modern diseases IV: cancer and related pathologies

Determination of Tryptophan and Its Major Metabolites in Fluid from the Anterior Chamber of the Eye in Diabetic Patients with Cataract by Liquid Chromotography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)

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