Elevated CO₂ induces physiological, biochemical and structural changes in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana

Abstract

Summary• Leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana grown under elevated or ambient CO 2 (700 or 370 µmol mol − 1 , respectively) were examined for physiological, biochemical and structural changes.• Stomatal characters, carbohydrate and mineral nutrient concentrations, leaf ultrastructure and plant hormone content were investigated using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).• Elevated CO 2 reduced the stomatal density and stomatal index of leaves, and also reduced stomatal conductance and transpiration rate. Elevated CO 2 increased chloroplast number, width and profile area, and starch grain size and number, but reduced the number of grana thylakoid membranes. Under elevated CO 2 , the concentrations of carbohydrates and plant hormones, with the exception of abscisic acid, increased whereas mineral nutrient concentrations declined.• These results suggest that the changes in chloroplast ultrastructure may primarily be a consequence of increased starch accumulation. Accelerated A. thaliana growth and development in elevated CO 2 could in part be attributed to increased foliar concentrations of plant hormones. The reductions in mineral nutrient concentrations may be a result of dilution by increased concentrations of carbohydrates and also of decreases in stomatal conductance and transpiration rate.

Growth Responses of Nutrient-Stressed Cenchrus ciliaris Under Carbon Dioxide Enrichment

“…SD affects evapo-transpiration and gas exchange between plants and the surrounding atmosphere. Although some studies proved that the increase in atmospheric CO2 decreased SD [11], other studies reported that many species don't change their SD when changing atmospheric CO2 levels [12]. The results of this study could be a proof that it's not the CO2 level as much as the environmental conditions that affects the SD.…”

“…CO2 enrichment can't stimulate underground growth in unfertilized system or a soil with low N concentration [14]. Although it has been proved that high atmospheric CO 2 have an effect on cell differentiation within the apical meri stem [11]. Low soil nutrients may have a limiting effect.…”

Individual and interactive effects of temperature, carbon dioxide and abscisic acid on mung bean (Vigna radiata) plants

“…thaliana, elevated CO2 significantly decreased the concentration of ABA (Teng et al 2006). It is well known that ABA triggers stomatal closure and reduces transpiration (Lambers et al 2008); however, elevated CO 2 can affect stomatal response to ABA, leading to reduced night closure and, in turn, increased transpiration (Levine et al 2009), which might have been the case in our current study.…”

Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis regulates hormone and osmotic equilibrium of Lycium barbarum L. under salt stress

“…ELISA has been widely utilized for determining plant hormone for its high sensitivity (Bai et al 2010, Cheng et al 2013, Liu et al 2015. The ELISA kit was produced by China Agriculture University, and the reliability was confirmed by HPLC and GC-MS (Yang et al 2001, Teng et al 2006, Zhao et al 2006). …”