Elevated Blood Pressure and High Sodium Levels in the Public Drinking Water

Calabrese, Edward J.; Tuthill, Robert W.

doi:10.1080/00039896.1977.10667281

Cited by 45 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Increased blood pressure levels or hypertension prevalence has been noted in numerous populations with high levels of salt in their drinking water (Steinbach et aI., 1975;Calabrese and Tuthill, 1977). Conversely, groups like the Yanomamo Indians, who do not use salt in their diet, show little or no increase of blood pressure with age (Oliver et aI., 1975).…”

Section: Blood Pressure and Environmental Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic and familial factors in essential hypertension and related traits

Siervogel

1983

American J Phys Anthropol

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The health significance of essential hypertension (high blood pressure of undefined origin) is well established. It is a major factor contributing to coronary heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure. It directly affects about one in five Americans. Factors which are known to be associated with blood pressure include: body composition as it relates to overall mass and fat mass; physiological variables involving the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems; biochemical variables such as renin, aldosterone, kallikrein, lipids, and lipoproteins, etc.; environmental variables such as sodium intake, heavy metals, and noise; and psychological variables involving personality type and mental stress.There is a definite, well-established genetic involvement in hypertension, but specific genetic mechanisms remain a mystery. Familial aggregation occurs for many of the associated traits listed above. For some, specific polymorphic major genes have been identified, but for others genetic factors are unidentified. Essential hypertension is undoubtedly a heterogeneous group of diseases with the common end result of elevated blood pressure. Because of its health significance, there is considerable interest in identifying genetic mechanisms resulting in essential hypertension. One area that currently shows some potential for the identification of a specific genetic mechanism is related to the transmembrane transport of sodium and potassium cations.A genetic component has long been suspected in essential hypertension, but a clear and definitive genetic mechanism has yet to be identified. Since there are many variables that can affect blood pressure, this review of the genetics of essential hypertension necessarily involves a discussion of related traits. Before focusing on the genetic and familial aspects of hypertension a description of the normal course of human blood pressure is presented and some of the traits related to it are discussed. NATURAL HISTORY OF BLOOD PRESSUREUntil recently, reports describing blood pressure patterns during the neonatal period were relatively few, largely because of the difficulty of accurately measuring blood pressure in infants by noninvasive techniques. The ultrasonic technique utilizing the Doppler effect greatly facilitated noninvasive systolic blood pressure determination in infants (McLaughlin et al., 1971). Accurate automatic methods are currently available using the oscillometric principal coupled with a microcomputer and a standard limb blood presure cuff (Friesen and Lichtor, 1981). Even in adults newer methods are being developed (Wolthuis et al., 1981).© 1983 Alan R. Liss, Inc. [Vol.26,1983 Systolic blood pressure tends to increase sharply during the first two weeks of life from a mean of 70 mmHg at 2 days to 84 mmHg at 2 weeks. It continues to increase at a slightly slower rate over the next 4 weeks to a mean of about 93 mmHg at 6 weeks (Earley et aI., 1980); from 6 weeks to 1 year af age there is little change in systolic pressure (deSwiet et aI., 1975(deSwiet et ...

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Section: Blood Pressure and Environmental Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic and familial factors in essential hypertension and related traits

Siervogel

1983

American J Phys Anthropol

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“…In addition, other individuals may be on low sodium diets to control hypertension. Because of the high prevalence of such individuals in our society, the American Heart Association has proposed that public drinking water supplies in the United States adopt a standard of 20 mg/L sodium to protect individuals on low sodium diets (Calabrese and Tuthill, 1977). This would limit the additional intake of sodium from drinking water to approximately 0.6 mg/kg-day for a 70-kg adult.…”

Section: -24 Baseline Risk Assessment Of Ground Water Contamination mentioning

confidence: 99%

Baseline risk assessment of ground water contamination at the uranium mill tailings site near Lakeview, Oregon. Revision 1

1995

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“…In addition, other individuals may be on low-sodium diets t o control hypertension. Because of the high prevalence of such individuals in our society, the American Heart Association has proposed that public drinking water supplies in the United States adopt a standard of 20 mg/L sodium to protect individuals on low sodium diets (Calabrese and Tuthill, 1977). This would limit the additional intake of sodium from drinking water to approximately 0.6 mg/kg-day for a 70-kg adult.…”

Section: Toxicitv Of Sodiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Baseline risk assessment of ground water contamination at the Uranium Mill Tailings Site near Green River, Utah. Revision 1

1995

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AT M E URANIUM MILL TAILINGS SITE NEAR GREEN RIVER, UTAH CITIZENS' SUMMARY CITIZENS' SUMMARY INTRODUCTIONThe Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action (UMTRA) Project consists of the Surface Project (phase I) and the Ground Water Project (phase 11). For the UMTRA Project site located near Green River, Utah, the Surface Project cleanup occurred from 1988 t o 1989. The tailings and radioactively contaminated soils and materials were removed from their original locations and placed into a disposal cell on the site. The disposal cell is designed to minimize radiation emissions and minimize further contamination of ground water beneath the site.The UMTRA Project's second phase, the Ground Water Project, evaluates the nature and extent of ground water contamination resulting from uranium processing and determines a strategy for ground water compliance with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ground water standards established for the UMTRA Project. This ground water strategy must protect public health and the environment from radiological and nonradiological hazards. A risk assessment is one of the tools used to evaluate these hazards.A risk assessment is the process of describing a source of contamination and showing how that contamination may reach people and the environment. The amount of contamination people or the environment may be exposed to is calculated and used to characterize the possible health or environmental effects that may result from this exposure.For the Green River site, the risk assessment helps determine whether human health risks result from exposure to ground water contaminated by uranium processing. Exposure could occur from drinking water pumped from a hypothetical well drilled in the area of ground water contamination. Environmental risks could result from plants or animals being exposed to any surface water that has received contaminated ground water.This risk assessment report is the first site-specific document prepared for the UMTRA Ground Water Project at the Green River site. What follows is an evaluation of current and possible future impacts to the public and the environment from exposure to contaminated ground water. The results of this evaluation and further site characterization will be used to determine what is necessary, if anything, to protect human health and the environment while complying with EPA standards. RISK SUMMARYThere are currently no human health risks associated with ground water affected by uranium processing at the Green River site because no one drinks water from the site. In addition, no one uses the water for irrigation or livestock watering. Changes of land use may or may not create future risks. Specific future land uses should be evaluated to identify potential health and environmental risks from the contaminated ground water.However, there is a potential for animals to be exposed to contaminated ground water which seeps to the surface and forms pools in the channel of Brown's Wash, downstream from the site. If exposure were to occur, animals could be aff...

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Elevated Blood Pressure and High Sodium Levels in the Public Drinking Water

Cited by 45 publications

References 15 publications

Genetic and familial factors in essential hypertension and related traits

Genetic and familial factors in essential hypertension and related traits

Baseline risk assessment of ground water contamination at the uranium mill tailings site near Lakeview, Oregon. Revision 1

Baseline risk assessment of ground water contamination at the Uranium Mill Tailings Site near Green River, Utah. Revision 1

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