Elevated blood pressure among primary school children in Dar es salaam, Tanzania: prevalence and risk factors

Muhihi, Alfa; Njelekela, Marina; Mpembeni, Rose; Muhihi, Bikolimana G.; Anaeli, Amani; Chillo, Omary; Kubhoja, Sulende; Lujani, Benjamin; Maghembe, Mwanamkuu; Ngarashi, Davis

doi:10.1186/s12887-018-1052-8

Cited by 31 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 46 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In this study, the prevalence of overweight/obesity and pre-hypertension/hypertension were 19.28% and (42.3%), respectively. This finding concurs with previous studies which have shown obesity and hypertension to be prevalent in children in South Africa [33], Kenya [34], as well as in other countries across the world [35][36][37]. This suggests that childhood obesity and hypertension are on the rise in South Africa.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Association of Hypertension and Obesity with Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases in Children Aged 6–9 Years Old in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors are known to begin early in life, but limited data on the relationship of obesity and hypertension with other known CVD risk factors, such as endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and chronic low-grade inflammation is available on children. In this cross-sectional study involving 6–9 years old school children aged from the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa the relationship between obesity/hypertension and other risk factors for CVDs was investigated. General anthropometric parameters were measured, followed by blood pressure (BP) measurements and pulse wave velocity (PWV). Urine samples were collected for the determination of albumin, creatinine, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), 8-hydroxy-2deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS). Overweight/obesity (19.28%) and pre-hypertension/hypertension (42.16%) were prevalent in children. Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), a marker of obesity, was positively correlated with ADMA, while ADMA and PWV were significantly different (p < 0.05) between hypertensive and normotensive children. Also, TBARS and 8-OHdG were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in hypertensive subjects. Creatinine was significantly (p < 0.05) increased in obese, as well as in hypertensive children, and positively associated with waist circumference (WC) and neck circumference (NC). In conclusion, obesity and hypertension were associated with renal-cardiovascular disease risk, while oxidative stress showed a possible association with obesity in 6 to 9 year old South African children of African descent. This suggests that South African children of African descent may be becoming more prone to developing CVDs, and therefore may require early intervention for the prevention of CVDs in the near future.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Association of Hypertension and Obesity with Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases in Children Aged 6–9 Years Old in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A prevalence of 9.8% for high blood pressure was shown in a study conducted in Gambia in children aged 5-9 years old with females presenting higher prevalence [32]. Another study conducted in urban and rural settings of Der es Salaam in Tanzania showed a 15.2% prevalence of elevated/high blood pressure [31]. This present study showed high prevalence of elevated/high blood pressure in children from rural (23.2%) areas as compared to their urban counterparts (19.0%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…High blood pressure, a condition associated with obesity is becoming more prevalent in children [31,32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular Risk Factors and their Relationship with Endothelial Dysfunction in Rural and Urban South African Children

Matjuda

Engwa

Anye

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Endothelial dysfunction is known to be an initiator to the development and progression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, there is paucity o knowledge on its relationship with cardiovascular risk factors in children. More so, some of these cardiovascular risk factors are known to be influenced by feeding habits and life style changes which often vary between rural and urban settings. This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and endothelial function in rural and urban children. Methods: A cross-sectional study on 6-9 years old children in randomly selected rural and urban schools of the Eastern Cape Province of South Arica was conducted. General anthropometric indices were measured followed by blood pressure (BP) measurements. The pulse wave velocity (PWV) was measured using a Vicorder. Urine sample was collected for the determination of albumin, creatinine, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), 8-hydroxy-2deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS). Albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) was calculated.Results: Children from urban settings (10.8%) had a higher prevalence of overweight/obesity than their rural counterparts (8.5%) while the prevalence of elevated/high blood pressure was higher in rural children (23.2%) than in urban children (19.0%). Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) significantly (p<0.005) increased with increasing quartiles of PWV. ADMA positively associated with HR in rural girls and showed a weak risk for elevated SBP and MAP. Body mass index (BMI) increased with increasing PWV and predicted endothelial dysfunction. 8-OHdG significantly (p<0.005) increased with increasing quartiles of ADMA and positively correlated with ADMA. Creatinine, albumin and ACR significantly (p<0.005) increased with increasing ADMA and ADMA associated positively with creatinine. Conclusion: Endothelial dysfunction was associated with obesity, high blood pressure, oxidative stress and microalbuminuria in children, and this relationship varied between rural and urban children.

show abstract

“…A possible relationship between high blood pressure and microalbuminuria was observed in this study. Hypertension is a global problem that is becoming more prevalent in children [ 34 , 35 ]. A recent meta-analysis study drawn from 47 articles showed a 4% prevalence of high blood pressure and 9.67% for elevated blood pressure in children [ 3 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study conducted in Gambia found that the prevalence of high blood pressure in children aged 5–9 years old was 9.8% and the prevalence was higher in females [ 34 ]. Furthermore, a study conducted in urban and rural settings of Der es Salaam in Tanzania found that the prevalence of pre-hypertension/hypertension was 15.2% [ 35 ]. In this study, the prevalence of elevated or high blood pressure was higher in rural children compared to their urban counterparts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between High Blood Pressure and Microalbuminuria in Children Aged 6–9 Years in a South African Population

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Though the association between high blood pressure and microalbuminuria is well established in adults, there is a paucity of information on microalbuminuria in children. This study investigated the relationship between high blood pressure and microalbuminuria in 6–9-year-old children. A cross-sectional study, which included 306 primary school children of age 6–9 years old from urban areas (n = 154) and rural areas (n = 152) of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, was conducted. Participants’ anthropometric data were determined and systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) were measured and converted to BP percentiles for age, sex and height. Creatinine and albumin concentrations were assayed in early morning midstream urine and the albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) was calculated. There was a 42.8% prevalence of elevated blood pressure/high blood pressure (E-BP/H-BP) and a 10.1% prevalence of microalbuminuria. Among the 131 children with E-BP/H-BP, 17 had elevated ACR with a prevalence of 13.95%. SBP and HR increased with increasing range of ACR and, furthermore, SBP was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in children with moderately and severely increased ACR. SBP was associated with ACR and increased SBP predicted microalbuminuria (R2 = 0.42, adj R2 = 0.039, B: 0.120, p = < 0.05). In conclusion, microalbuminuria was present in 6–9-year-old South African children of African Ancestry and a weak association was observed with SBP in children.

show abstract

Elevated blood pressure among primary school children in Dar es salaam, Tanzania: prevalence and risk factors

Cited by 31 publications

References 46 publications

Association of Hypertension and Obesity with Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases in Children Aged 6–9 Years Old in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa

Association of Hypertension and Obesity with Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases in Children Aged 6–9 Years Old in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa

Cardiovascular Risk Factors and their Relationship with Endothelial Dysfunction in Rural and Urban South African Children

Relationship between High Blood Pressure and Microalbuminuria in Children Aged 6–9 Years in a South African Population

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About