“…The cognitive apprenticeship methods such as modeling were, therefore, modified to the requirements of practicum and core practices of PST education (McDonald et al, 2013). Based on previous research, we assume cognitive modeling to be one of the key mentoring and coaching strategies by which CTs support PSTs in developing their teaching competencies during field experiences (Clarke et al, 2014;Ellis, Alonzo, & Nguyen, 2020;McDonald et al, 2013). We call the modeling introduced by Collins and colleagues (1991) cognitive modeling in our work because modeling in teacher education consists of two parts: Frist, making cognitive processes explicit (e.g., by discussing or deliberating on why the CT has chosen a certain task in a lesson plan or in the lesson) and second, demonstrating effective teaching-related practices.…”