Elementary sub‐atomic particles: the earliest adaptive systems

Abstract

Purpose -This paper considers a perspective on particulate matter as being formed from closed loops of waveform energy flow, consistent with observations by de Broglie, Schrödinger and others and supported by recent research findings. It demonstrates that all experimentally verified findings of special relativity may be derived directly from such a model. It further shows a clear form of auto-adaptive behaviour exhibited by such structures. Design/methodology/approach -A generalised closed-loop energy flow model is analysed from first principles. Findings -Motion-dependent time dilation, invariance of the measured speed of light, the Lorentz transformation, mass-energy equivalence (E ¼ mc 2 ) and speed-related increase in apparent mass all follow naturally from this structure. Given this view of matter objective invariance of the speed of light relative to all inertial states of motion is an unnecessary and insupportable assumption. A unique objective rest frame (subject to Hubble expansion of space) is identified. All elementary sub-atomic particles owe their longevity to a non-destructive state-change response to energy input, referred to as "motion". A radically new perspective on time is presented. A possible causal explanation for particle-antiparticle asymmetry is identified. Research limitations/implications -Closed timelike curves are not a possibility. Further implications for all fields of physics are very extensive. Practical implications -There is no conflict between superluminal technologies and causality. Over and above this, possible practical implications are too extensive to be enumerated. Originality/value -The paper is totally original and of significant potential value in various respects.

Cosmic system dynamics: a cyberneticist's perspective on gravitation

“…(Hence the application of the factor c to all time elements in relativistic calculationstime literally travels at the speed of light.) As shown by Blackwell (2011), this perspective on time and matter explains, and provides full mathematical derivations of, all experimentally verified findings of special relativity.…”

“…This is clearly indicative of a cyclic component in Cosmic system dynamics the fundamental structure of an electron (Huang, 1952;Barut and Bracken, 1981;Hestenes, 1990). (3) Theoretical research has shown that a cyclic-photon model of particulate matter accounts for various quantum characteristics of an electron (Williamson and van der Mark, 1997) as well as providing a basis for all verifiable tenets of special relativity (Blackwell, 2011).…”

“…This is clearly indicative of a cyclic component in the fundamental structure of an electron (Huang, 1952; Barut and Bracken, 1981; Hestenes, 1990). Theoretical research has shown that a cyclic‐photon model of particulate matter accounts for various quantum characteristics of an electron (Williamson and van der Mark, 1997) as well as providing a basis for all verifiable tenets of special relativity (Blackwell, 2011). Both of those last two studies support the premise that the static charge on a particle is a macroscopic external manifestation of the circulating time‐varying electromagnetic fields that form the particle.…”

“…Theoretical research has shown that a cyclic‐photon model of particulate matter accounts for various quantum characteristics of an electron (Williamson and van der Mark, 1997) as well as providing a basis for all verifiable tenets of special relativity (Blackwell, 2011).…”

“…This raises the likelihood that a closed‐loop photon circularly polarized in the opposite sense would give rise to a charge of the opposite type (Blackwell, 2011). By extension, a particle formed from a photon (or configuration of photons) that can be resolved into a combination of left and right circularly polarized photon elements (as all photons can) would give rise to a mix of positive and negative charge, seen as a net charge that is the signed summation of those parts.…”