Elemental mercury (Hg(0)) in air and surface waters of the Yellow Sea during late spring and late fall 2012: Concentration, spatial-temporal distribution and air/sea flux

Ci, Zhijia; Wang, Chunjie; Wang, Zhangwei; Zhang, Xiaoshan

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.064

Cited by 46 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…A seasonal pattern was found in most marginal sea areas (Table 4). In the Yellow Sea (Ci et al, 2015(Ci et al, , 2011, high fluxes in summer and moderate fluxes in spring and autumn were measured, similar to the results of our study as well as those of previous studies in the Baltic Sea Wängberg et al, 2001). The Mediterranean Sea (Andersson et al, 2007;Nerentorp Mastromonaco et al, 2017b), the East China Sea (Wang et al, 2016), and the South China Sea (Fu et al, 2010;Tseng et al, 2013) are characterized by high fluxes in summer and autumn.…”

Section: Hg 0 Emission Fluxes Of the Baltic Sea And Other Marginal Seassupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Corresponding Night2000 values could not be estimated for the Hg 0 fluxes determined for the North Sea (Baeyens and Leermakers, 1998;Coquery and Cossa, 1995). The strongest emission flux (18.3 ng m −2 h −1 ) was measured in the Yellow Sea in summer (Ci et al, 2011) and the strongest uptake flux (−1.5 ng m −2 h −1 ) in the South China Sea in winter (Tseng et al, 2013). As estimates for the Night2000 parameterization, these values corresponded to 14.5 and −0.9 ng m −2 h −1 , respectively.…”

Section: Hg 0 Emission Fluxes Of the Baltic Sea And Other Marginal Seasmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…These investigations were followed by a study in Tokyo Bay (Narukawa et al, 2006) and by studies in the Mediterranean Sea (Andersson et al, 2007;Gårdfeldt et al, 2003) and the Baltic Sea , the latter based on equilibrator measurements with improved resolution. We also compared our results with those obtained from data from the Yellow Sea (Ci et al, 2015(Ci et al, , 2011, the South China Sea (Fu et al, 2010;Tseng et al, 2013), Minamata Bay (Marumoto and Imai, 2015), and the open East China Sea (Wang et al, 2016). However, the methods applied in the various studies differed in terms of their analytics and flux calculations (Table 4).…”

Section: Hg 0 Emission Fluxes Of the Baltic Sea And Other Marginal Seasmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High-resolution measurements of elemental mercury in surface water for an improved quantitative understanding of the Baltic Sea as a source of atmospheric mercury

et al. 2018

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Abstract. Marginal seas are directly subjected to anthropogenic and natural influences from land in addition to receiving inputs from the atmosphere and open ocean. Together these lead to pronounced gradients and strong dynamic changes. However, in the case of mercury emissions from these seas, estimates often fail to adequately account for the spatial and temporal variability of the elemental mercury concentration in surface water (Hg 0 wat ). In this study, a method to measure Hg 0 wat at high resolution was devised and subsequently validated. The better-resolved Hg 0 wat dataset, consisting of about one measurement per nautical mile, yielded insight into the sea's small-scale variability and thus improved the quantification of the sea's Hg 0 emission. This is important because global marine Hg 0 emissions constitute a major source of atmospheric mercury.Research campaigns in the Baltic Sea were carried out between 2011 and 2015 during which Hg 0 both in surface water and in ambient air were measured. For the former, two types of equilibrators were used. A membrane equilibrator enabled continuous equilibration and a bottle equilibrator assured that equilibrium was reached for validation. The measurements were combined with data obtained in the Baltic Sea in 2006 from a bottle equilibrator only. The Hg 0 sea-air flux was newly calculated with the combined dataset based on current knowledge of the Hg 0 Schmidt number, Henry's law constant, and a widely used gas exchange transfer velocity parameterization. By using a newly developed pump-CTD with increased pumping capability in the Hg 0 equilibrator measurements, Hg 0 wat could also be characterized in deeper water layers. A process study carried out near the Swedish island Øland in August 2015 showed that the upwelling of Hg 0 -depleted water contributed to Hg 0 emissions of the Baltic Sea. However, a delay of a few days after contact between the upwelled water and light was apparently necessary before the biotic and abiotic transformations of ionic to volatile Hg 0 produced a distinct sea-air Hg 0 concentration gradient.This study clearly showed spatial, seasonal, and interannual variability in the Hg 0 sea-air flux of the Baltic Sea. The average annual Hg 0 emission was 0.90 ± 0.18 Mg for the Baltic proper and extrapolated to 1.73 ± 0.32 Mg for the entire Baltic Sea, which is about half the amount entrained by atmospheric deposition. A comparison of our results with the Hg 0 sea-air fluxes determined in the Mediterranean Sea and in marginal seas in East Asia were to some extent similar but they partly differed in terms of the deviations in the amount and seasonality of the flux.

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Section: Hg 0 Emission Fluxes Of the Baltic Sea And Other Marginal Seassupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Hg 0 Emission Fluxes Of the Baltic Sea And Other Marginal Seasmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Hg 0 Emission Fluxes Of the Baltic Sea And Other Marginal Seasmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High-resolution measurements of elemental mercury in surface water for an improved quantitative understanding of the Baltic Sea as a source of atmospheric mercury

et al. 2018

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“…, fall: 1.84 ± 0.50 ng m À3 ) (Ci et al, 2015), which were comparable to those of our observations in the YS.…”

Section: à3supporting

confidence: 91%

Speciated atmospheric mercury in the marine boundary layer of the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea

Wang

et al. 2016

Atmospheric Environment

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h i g h l i g h t sAtmospheric Hg (GEM, RGM, and Hg P 2.5 ) were determined in the East Asia MBL. Hg P 2.5 concentrations in the offshore area were higher than those in the open sea. GEM and Hg P 2.5 levels over the BS were higher than those over the YS. RGM showed a homogeneous distribution both in spring and fall. RGM was correlated well with air temperature but inversely correlated with RH. a r t i c l e i n f o b s t r a c tThe objectives of this study are to identify the spatial and temporal distributions of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), reactive gaseous mercury (RGM), and fine particulate mercury (Hg P 2.5 ) in the marine boundary layer (MBL) of the Bohai Sea (BS) and Yellow Sea (YS), and to investigate the relationships between mercury species and meteorological parameters. The mean concentrations of GEM, RGM, and Hg .5 ) represented < 1% of total atmospheric mercury (GEM þ RGM þ Hg P 2.5 ), which indicated that most mercury export in the MBL was GEM and the direct outflow of reactive mercury was very small. Moreover, GEM concentrations over the BS were generally higher than those over the YS both in spring and fall. Although RGM showed a homogeneous distribution over the BS and YS both in spring and fall, the mean RGM concentration in fall was significantly higher than that in spring. In contrast, the spatial distribution of Hg P 2.5 generally reflected a gradient with high levels near the coast of China and low levels in the open sea, suggesting the significant atmospheric mercury outflow from China. Interestingly, the mean RGM concentrations during daytime were significantly higher than those during nighttime both in spring and fall, while the opposite results were observed for Hg P 2.5 . Additionally, RGM positively correlates with air temperature while negatively correlates with relative humidity. In conclusion, the elevated atmospheric mercury levels in the BS and YS compared to other open seas suggested that the human activities had a significant influence on the oceanic mercury cycle downwind of China.

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“…These investigations were followed by a study in Tokyo Bay (Narukawa et al, 2006) and by studies in the Mediterranean Sea (Andersson et al, 2007;Gårdfeldt et al, 2003) and the Baltic Sea , both based on equilibrator measurements with improved resolution. We also compared our results with those obtained from data from the Yellow Sea (Ci et al, 2015;Ci et al, 2011), the South China Sea (Fu et al, 2010;Tseng et al, 2013), Minamata Bay (Marumoto and Imai, 2015), and the open East China Sea (Wang et al, 2016). 25…”

Section: Hg 0 Emission Fluxes Of the Baltic Sea And Other Marginal Seasmentioning

confidence: 91%

High-resolution measurements of elemental mercury in surface water for an improved quantitative understanding of the Baltic Sea as a source of atmospheric mercury

Kuss¹,

Krüger²,

Ruickoldt³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Elemental mercury (Hg(0)) in air and surface waters of the Yellow Sea during late spring and late fall 2012: Concentration, spatial-temporal distribution and air/sea flux

Cited by 46 publications

References 99 publications

High-resolution measurements of elemental mercury in surface water for an improved quantitative understanding of the Baltic Sea as a source of atmospheric mercury

High-resolution measurements of elemental mercury in surface water for an improved quantitative understanding of the Baltic Sea as a source of atmospheric mercury

Speciated atmospheric mercury in the marine boundary layer of the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea

High-resolution measurements of elemental mercury in surface water for an improved quantitative understanding of the Baltic Sea as a source of atmospheric mercury

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